Table 1.

Antioxidants and diseases: clinical trials.

Disease	Antioxidant	Outcome	References
BPD	Lutein	Possible positive association between lutein and respiratory health	Melo van Lent, Leermakers; 2016
	iNO + vitamin A	Reduced the incidence of BPD and BPD + death and improved neurocognitive outcomes at 1 year in the 500–749 g birth weight group	Gadhia, Cutter; 2014
	Recombinant human SOD	Reduced early pulmonary injury, resulting in improved clinical status at 1 year corrected age Multiple intratracheal doses of rhSOD increase the concentration and activity of the enzyme in serum, tracheal aspirate, and urine	Davis, Parad; 2003 Davis, Rosenfeld; 1997
	Melatonin	Newborns who developed BPD had levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and nitrite/nitrate values much higher than those in children who did not develop BPD	Gitto et al.; Pineal Res; 2004
	Vitamin A	Vitamin A supplementation does not reduce the incidence of BPD	Gawronski CA, Gawronski KM, Ann Pharmacother; 2016
NEC	L-Arginine	Enteral L-arginine supplementation appears to reduce the incidence of stage III NEC in VLBW infant	Polycarpou et al., 2013
	Pentoxifylline	Pentoxifylline did not change the risk of development of NEC in neonates with sepsis	Pammi et al., 2015
	Melatonin	Melatonin administration as an adjuvant therapy in neonatal NEC treatment is associated with improvement of clinical and laboratory outcome	[130]
ROP	Vitamin A	A trend towards reduced incidence of retinopathy of prematurity in vitamin A-supplemented infants	Darlow et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2002
	Vitamin E	There was a 52% reduction in the incidence of stage 3+ ROP in VLBW infants In VLBW infants, vitamin E supplementation significantly increased the risk of sepsis and reduced the risk of severe retinopathy and blindness	[94]; Brion et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2003
	D-Penicillamine	Six of the 70 surviving control infants and none of the 71 surviving treated infants had ROP stage II or greater Prophylactic enterally administered DPA does not prevent any stage ROP	Lakatos et al., Acta Paediatr; 1986 Tandon et al., Acta Paediatr; 2010
	Recombinant human SOD	rhSOD reduces the risk of developing ROP in extremely low gestational age newborn	Parad et al., Neonatology; 2012
	Lutein	There were no differences in the incidence of ROP at any stage between groups No significant effect was seen on threshold ROP	Romagnoli et al., J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med.; 2011 Manzoni et al., Am J Perinatol; 2013
	Allopurinol	Failure of allopurinol prophylaxis to prevent ROP	Russel et al., Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed; 1995