Figure 1.

Schematic of the pathway involving the contributions of neuroendocrine-STAT5-BCL6 mechanisms of sex bias in PAH. Patterns of circulating GH in males typically consist of a low baseline level with few (2–4) but high peak levels (a pattern customarily referred to as “pulsatile”) [22–29]. Females have a higher baseline level of GH with small frequent peaks (≥7 per day) (a pattern referred to as “more continuous”) [22–29]. E2, estradiol-17β; M, male; F, female; downward short arrows indicate reduction; upward short arrow indicates increase.