Table 1.
Sample
| |
Total N (Mean; Range) | 1,714 (66; 29 – 125) |
Gender, mean percent | 69% |
Race, mean percent | 68% |
Adult studies | 22 |
Age, M (SD), Range | 30.58 (10.33), 19 – 48 years |
Non-clinical community samples, N | 11 |
College students, N | 5 |
Other, N | 6 |
Child studies | 4 |
Age, M (SD), Range | 6.28 (3.45), 4 – 10 years |
Conducted in a school setting, N | 4 |
Meditation experience, N | |
None | 14 |
Experienced meditators | 3 |
Did not specify | 9 |
Meditation Intervention | |
Meditation type, N | |
LKM or CM | 10 |
Combined mindfulness and LKM or CM | 8 (2 of these included yoga) |
Mindfulness compared to LKM or CM | 2 |
Primarily mindfulness | 2 |
Other or did not specify | 4 |
Intervention format, N | |
Group format | 17 |
Individual format (audio recordings) | 5 |
Both or not specified | 4 |
Intervention duration, N | |
8–12 weeks | 13 |
4–6 weeks | 5 |
Other or not reported | 8 |
Recommended at-home practice, N | 8 (typically 20 minutes/day) |
Control Group | |
Wait-list or no-intervention, N | 15 |
Active control groups, N | 5 |
Both active and inactive, N | 6 |
Type of active controls, N | |
Education | 5 |
Cognitive tasks (e.g., cognitive reappraisal) | 4 |
Group discussion | 2 |
Outcome Measures | |
Subjective/self-reported, N | 12 |
Objective/observable, N | 7 |
Both subjective and objective, N | 7 |
Validated self-report measures, N | 15 |
Type of objective measure, N | |
Non-conscious or automatic responding | 6 |
Computerized donation tasks | 3 |
Real-time helping behavior | 3 |
Peer-rated pro-sociality | 3 |
Note. 26 studies were included. Gender and race are based on n=13 studies because the other 13 did not report these demographics. Type of objective outcomes sum higher than 14 because one study used two types of objective outcomes.