Table 1.
Demographic, household, and nutritional characteristics of the study sample (n = 693) according to Schistosoma japonicum (SJ) and/or soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections.
| Characteristic | All Children (n = 693) | Positive for SJ Infection (n = 134) | Positive for any STH Infection (n = 552) | Non-Infected (n = 102) | Monoparasitism (n = 184) | Polyparasitism (n = 381) | p Value b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p value a | p value a | ||||||||
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 365 (52.7%) | 86 (64.2%) | 0.003 * | 294 (53.3%) | 0.470 | 49 (48.0%) | 90 (48.9%) | 212 (55.6%) | 0.195 |
| Female | 328 (47.3%) | 48 (35.8%) | 258 (46.7%) | 53 (52%) | 94 (51.1%) | 169 (44.4%) | |||
| Age group | |||||||||
| 6–9 | 289 (41.7%) | 40 (29.9%) | 0.002 * | 218 (39.5%) | 0.019 * | 55 (53.9%) | 76 (41.3%) | 146 (38.3%) | 0.018 * |
| 10–14 | 404 (58.3%) | 94 (70.2%) | 334 (60.5%) | 47 (46.1%) | 108 (58.7%) | 235 (61.7%) | |||
| Toilet | |||||||||
| Yes | 547 (80.0%) | 108 (81.2%) | 0.726 | 434 (79.6%) | 0.492 | 84 (83.2%) | 149 (81.9%) | 295 (78.5%) | 0.451 |
| No | 137 (20.0%) | 25 (18.8%) | 111 (20.4%) | 17 (16.8%) | 33 (18.1%) | 81 (21.5%) | |||
| Own home | |||||||||
| Yes | 620 (90.4%) | 121 (91.0%) | 0.965 | 497 (90.9%) | 0.671 | 92 (91.1%) | 170 (92.4%) | 340 (90.4%) | 0.746 |
| No | 66 (9.6%) | 12 (9.0%) | 50 (9.1%) | 9 (8.9%) | 14 (7.6%) | 36 (9.6%) | |||
| Roof material | |||||||||
| Palm leaves/nipa | 380 (56.1%) | 72 (54.1%) | 0.692 | 312 (57.5%) | 0.040 * | 44 (44.9%) | 97 (53.0%) | 223 (59.8%) | 0.021 * |
| Galvanized iron/cement | 298 (43.9%) | 61 (45.9%) | 231 (42.5%) | 54 (55.1%) | 86 (47.0%) | 150 (40.2%) | |||
| Height for age | |||||||||
| Normal | 352 (50.8%) | 60 (44.8%) | 0.108 | 274 (49.6%) | 0.130 | 58 (56.9%) | 98 (53.3%) | 184 (48.3%) | 0.235 |
| Stunted | 341 (49.2%) | 74 (55.2%) | 278 (50.4%) | 44 (43.1%) | 86 (46.7%) | 197 (51.7%) | |||
| BMI for age | |||||||||
| Normal | 500 (72.2%) | 89 (66.4%) | 0.103 | 399 (72.4%) | 0.667 | 71 (69.6%) | 133 (72.3%) | 276 (72.6%) | 0.831 |
| Thin | 193 (27.8%) | 45 (33.6%) | 152 (27.6%) | 31 (30.4%) | 51 (27.7%) | 104 (27.4%) | |||
| Mean HAZ score | −1.985 (0.973) | −2.091 (0.976) | 0.131 | 1.999 (0.986) | 0.196 | −1.85 (0.92) | −1.98 (1.04) | −2.01 (0.96) | 0.360 |
| Mean BAZ score | −1.285 (3.961) | −1.603 (1.099) | 0.039 * | −1.448 (1.082) | 0.412 | −1.39 (1) | −1.34 (1.14) | −1.49 (1.05) | 0.291 |
| Mean energy (kj) | 7512 (3078) | 7371 (2737) | 0.577 | 7463 (3166) | 0.531 | 7528 (2538) | 7489 (2663) | 7486 (3382) | 0.992 |
| Mean protein (g) | 55.3 (52.3) | 52.8 (20.8) | 0.304 | 55.48 (57.80) | 0.765 | 54.51 (20.13) | 51.35 (18.45) | 57.46 (68.38) | 0.435 |
| Mean total fat (g) | 36.7 (31.6) | 35.6 (22.8) | 0.654 | 36.50 (34.04) | 0.911 | 35.95 (17.61) | 37.33 (21.74) | 36.18 (38.17) | 0.908 |
| Mean carbohydrate (g) | 310.7 (119.7) | 307.4 (124.1) | 0.764 | 308.0 (117.2) | 0.313 | 314.6 (121.3) | 311.9 (122.7) | 308.1 (116.3) | 0.864 |
| Mean water (g) | 1997 (699) | 2016 (661) | 0.614 | 2016 (661.246 | 0.614 | 1989 (674) | 1956 (736) | 2006 (681) | 0.725 |
| Mean thiamin (g) | 0.663 (1.33) | 0.578 (0.292) | 0.121 | 0.671 (1.480) | 0.611 | 0.63 (0.33) | 0.61 (0.33) | 0.70 (1.77) | 0.713 |
| Mean riboflavin (mg) | 0.583 (0.617) | 0.532 (0.303) | 0.108 | 0.586 (0.679) | 0.769 | 0.59 (0.29) | 0.54 (0.30) | 0.60 (0.79) | 0.571 |
| Mean niacin (mg) | 17.1 (10.9) | 16.5 (8.5) | 0.473 | 0.487 (11.448) | 0.803 | 17.06 (8.77) | 15.87 (7.21) | 17.53 (12.84) | 0.242 |
| Mean vitamin C (mg) | 36.0 (52.1) | 30.4 (44.7) | 0.110 | 36.62 (52.12) | 0.645 | 33.94 (56.45) | 39.62 (55.43) | 35.13 (49.91) | 0.569 |
Data are count (%) for categorical variables and mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables. a Test differences between participants with positive infection vs negative infection (using either t-test or Chi-square test). b Test differences among participants without infection, monoparasitism, and polyparasitism (2–4 infections of SJ or any STH) (using either t-test or Chi-square test). * Significance at the 0.05 level.