Table 2.
Demographic, household, and nutritional characteristics of the study sample according to intensity of infection.
| Characteristic | Schistosoma japonicum a | A. lumbricoides b | T. trichiura c | Hookworms d | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative (n = 533) | Light (n = 124) | Mod-Heay (n = 10) | Negative (n = 304) | Light (n = 241) | Mod-Heavy (n = 122) | Negative (n = 191) | Light (n = 392) | Mod-Heavy (n = 84) | Negative (n = 498) | Light (n = 169) | |
| Gender a,d | |||||||||||
| Male | 265 (49.7%) | 79 (63.7%) | 7 (70.0%) | 161 (53.0%) | 131 (54.4%) | 59 (48.4%) | 99 (51.8%) | 202 (51.5%) | 50 (59.5%) | 246 (49.4%) | 105 (62.1%) |
| Female | 268 (50.3%) | 45 (36.3%) | 3 (30.0%) | 143 (47.0%) | 110 (45.6%) | 63 (51.6%) | 92 (48.2%) | 190 (48.5%) | 34 (40.5%) | 252 (50.6%) | 64 (37.9%) |
| Age group a | |||||||||||
| 6–9 | 237 (44.5%) | 37 (29.8%) | 3 (30.0%) | 128 (42.1%) | 98 (40.7%) | 51 (41.8%) | 91 (47.6%) | 151 (38.5%) | 35 (41.7%) | 211 (42.4%) | 66 (39.1%) |
| 10–14 | 296 (55.5%) | 87 (70.2%) | 7 (70.0%) | 176 (57.9%) | 143 (59.3%) | 71 (58.2%) | 100 (52.4%) | 241 (61.5%) | 49 (58.3%) | 287 (57.6%) | 103 (60.9%) |
| Toilet b,c,d | |||||||||||
| Yes | 420 (79.9%) | 99 (80.5%) | 9 (90.0%) | 253 (84.1%) | 190 (79.8%) | 85 (70.8%) | 153 (81.0%) | 325 (83.6%) | 50 (61.7%) | 404 (82.1%) | 124 (74.3%) |
| No | 106 (20.1%) | 24 (19.5%) | 1 (10.0%) | 48 (15.9%) | 48 (20.2%) | 35 (29.2%) | 36 (19.0%) | 64 (16.4%) | 31 (38.3%) | 88 (17.9%) | 43 (25.7%) |
| Own home | |||||||||||
| Yes | 481 (91.1%) | 113 (91.9%) | 8 (80.0%) | 278 (92.1%) | 217 (90.8%) | 107 (89.2%) | 175 (92.1%) | 353 (90.8%) | 74 (90.2%) | 452 (91.5%) | 150 (89.8%) |
| No | 47 (8.9%) | 10 (8.1%) | 2 (20.0%) | 24 (7.9%) | 22 (9.2%) | 13 (10.8%) | 15 (7.9%) | 36 (9.2%) | 8 (9.8%) | 42 (8.5%) | 17 (10.2%) |
| Roof material b,c | |||||||||||
| Palm leaves/nipa | 292 (56.1%) | 67 (54.5%) | 5 (50.0%) | 142 (47.5%) | 137 (57.8%) | 85 (72.0%) | 95 (51.1%) | 214 (55.2%) | 55 (68.8%) | 264 (54.2%) | 100 (59.9%) |
| Galvanized iron/cement | 229 (43.9%) | 56 (45.5%) | 5 (50.0%) | 157 (52.5%) | 100 (42.2%) | 33 (28.0%) | 91 (48.9%) | 174 (44.8%) | 25 (31.2%) | 223 (45.8%) | 67 (40.1%) |
| Height for age d | |||||||||||
| Normal | 280 (52.5%) | 56 (45.2%) | 4 (40.0%) | 160 (52.6%) | 125 (51.9%) | 55 (45.1%) | 106 (55.5%) | 196 (50.0%) | 38 (45.2%) | 275 (55.2%) | 65 (38.5%) |
| Stunted | 253 (47.5%) | 68 (54.8%) | 6 (60.0%) | 144 (47.4%) | 116 (48.1%) | 67 (54.9%) | 85 (44.5%) | 196 (50.0%) | 46 (54.8%) | 223 (44.8%) | 104 (61.5%) |
| BMI for age | |||||||||||
| Normal | 391 (73.5%) | 83 (66.9%) | 6 (60.0%) | 212 (69.7%) | 176 (73.3%) | 92 (75.4%) | 136 (71.2%) | 284 (72.6%) | 60 (71.4%) | 363 (72.9%) | 117 (69.6%) |
| Thin | 141 (26.5%) | 41 (33.1%) | 4 (40.0%) | 92 (30.3%) | 64 (26.7%) | 30 (24.6%) | 55 (28.8%) | 107 (27.4%) | 24 (28.6%) | 135 (27.1%) | 51 (30.4%) |
| Mean HAZ score d | −1.95 (1.0) | −2.09 (1.0) | −2.05 (1.0) | −1.98 (1.0) | −1.94 (0.9) | −2.05 (1.0) | −1.86 (1.0) | −2.00 (1.0) | −2.15 (1.0) | −1.92 (1.0) | −2.14 (0.9) |
| Mean BAZ score d | −1.39 (1.1) | −1.61 (1.1) | −1.56 (1.4) | −1.45 (1.1) | −1.47 (1.1) | −1.32 (0.9) | −1.35 (1.1) | −1.45 (1.1) | −1.54 (0.8) | −1.37 (1.1) | −1.61 (1.1) |
| Mean energy (kj) | 7349 (2792) | 7643 (2015) | 7990 (3178) | 7536 (2544) | 7628 (3890) | 7122 (2372) | 7632 (2811) | 7472 (3308) | 7279 (2477) | 7483 (3105) | 7523 (2993) |
| Mean protein (g) | 55.97 (58.6) | 52.32 (20.8) | 58.29 (20.7) | 52.86 (19.0) | 60.29 (84.6) | 51.67 (20.1) | 54.14 (20.7) | 55.90 (67.2) | 55.34 (21.3) | 54.93 (54.8) | 56.48 (48.3) |
| Mean totalfat (g) | 36.68 (33.7) | 35.80 (23.0) | 32.93 (21.4) | 36.57 (19.5) | 38.59 (46.7) | 31.99 (15.6) | 38.76 (22.7) | 36.65 (37.4) | 30.36 (16.6) | 36.73 (32.4) | 35.67 (29.8) |
| Mean carbohydrate (g) | 310.9 (117) | 306.1 (126) | 324.3 (99.3) | 315.0 (120) | 308.4 (120) | 301.6 (113) | 314.6 (128) | 307.9 (114) | 310.8 (119) | 309.3 (119) | 312.6 (119) |
| Mean water (g) | 1982 (704) | 2005 (672) | 2158 (519) | 1992 (681) | 1984 (711) | 1994 (705) | 2005 (693) | 1973 (690) | 2028 (728) | 1976 (694) | 2028 (700) |
| Mean thiamin (g) | 0.69 (1.51) | 0.58 (0.30) | 0.54 (0.22) | 0.60 (0.29) | 0.80 (2.22) | 0.57 (0.26) | 0.65 (0.38) | 0.69 (1.74) | 0.57 (0.24) | 0.67 (1.39) | 0.65 (1.24) |
| Mean riboflavin (mg) | 0.60 (0.69) | 0.53 (0.31) | 0.51 (0.25) | 0.54 (0.27) | 0.64 (0.98) | 0.57 (0.29) | 0.59 (0.32) | 0.57 (0.78) | 0.61 (0.29) | 0.58 (0.64) | 0.60 (0.58) |
| Mean niacin (mg) | 17.13 (11.5) | 16.18 (8.1) | 20.34 (12.3) | 16.33 (7.8) | 17.88 (15.0) | 16.93 (7.8) | 16.81 (8.4) | 16.79 (12.4) | 18.40 (8.7) | 16.76 (11.1) | 17.70 (10.8) |
| Mean vitamin C c (mg) | 37.65 (54.2) | 29.76 (44.0) | 38.24 (55.0) | 37.55 (55.4) | 35.66 (49.1) | 33.83 (51.8) | 36.12 (53.2) | 33.37 (47.3) | 49.51 (69.7) | 36.01 (51.2) | 36.71 (56.2) |
Data are count (%) for categorical variables and mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables. a Significant difference between negative, light, and moderate/heavy SJ infection in gender (p = 0.01) and age group (p = 0.009). b Significant difference between negative, light, and moderate/heavy A. lumbricoides infection in the proportions of owning toilet (p = 0.009) and galvanized iron/cement roof material (p < 0.001). c Significant difference between negative, light, and moderate/heavy T. trichiura infection in the proportions of owning toilet (p < 0.001) and galvanized iron/cement roof material (p = 0.028), and the mean level of vitamin C (p = 0.038). d Significant difference between negative and light hookworms infection in gender (p = 0.004), the proportions of owning toilet (p = 0.028) and stunted children (p < 0.001), and the mean levels of the HAZ Z-score (p = 0.014) and the BAZ Z-score (p = 0.013).