Table 3.
Mean dietary intakes (95 % CI) by sleep indices stratified by sex: young adults aged 20–30 years, Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota, USA, 2008–2009, Project EAT (Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults)
| Time in bed | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <7 h per night | 7–<8 h per night (referent) | 8–<9 h per night | ≥9 h per night | ||||||
| Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | P for interaction | |
| Breakfast consumption | |||||||||
| Model 1 | 0·01 | ||||||||
| Men | 3·90 | 3·40, 4·39 | 3·44 | 3·14, 3·74 | 3·83 | 3·51, 4·15 | 3·15 | 2·76, 3·53 | |
| Women | 3·49** | 3·00, 3·98 | 4·36 | 4·05, 4·66 | 4·23 | 3·98, 4·49 | 3·99 | 3·65, 4·32 | |
| Model 2 | 0·01 | ||||||||
| Men | 3·78 | 3·30, 4·25 | 3·35 | 3·05, 3·65 | 3·71 | 3·37, 4·04 | 3·08 | 2·70, 3·46 | |
| Women | 3·60** | 3·10, 4·10 | 4·41 | 4·11, 4·71 | 4·28 | 4·03, 4·53 | 4·12 | 3·78, 4·46 | |
| Sleep variability | |||||||||
| <0·5 h (referent) | 0·5–<1 h | 1–1·5 h | >1·5 h | ||||||
| Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | P for interaction | |
| Breakfast consumption | |||||||||
| Model 1 | <0·01 | ||||||||
| Men | 3·84 | 3·44, 4·25 | 3·42 | 3·06, 3·77 | 3·75 | 3·43, 4·08 | 3·38 | 3·02, 3·74 | |
| Women | 3·77 | 3·37, 4·16 | 4·62** | 4·29, 4·96 | 4·10 | 3·81, 4·39 | 4·02 | 3·73, 4·31 | |
| Model 2 | <0·01 | ||||||||
| Men | 3·71 | 3·30, 4·12 | 3·32 | 2·97, 3·68 | 3·66 | 3·34, 3·99 | 3·28 | 2·93, 3·64 | |
| Women | 3·83 | 3·44, 4·21 | 4·73*** | 4·41, 5·06 | 4·14 | 3·85, 4·43 | 4·15 | 3·86, 4·44 | |
| Model 3 | <0·01 | ||||||||
| Men | 3·75 | 3·35, 4·16 | 3·25 | 2·89, 3·60 | 3·63 | 3·31, 3·95 | 3·27 | 2·92, 3·61 | |
| Women | 3·83 | 3·44, 4·22 | 4·73*** | 4·41, 5·04 | 4·12 | 3·83, 4·41 | 4·14 | 3·84, 4·44 | |
| Sleep timing | |||||||||
| ≤22.30 hours (referent) | 22.30–23.30 hours | 23.30–00.30 hours | >00.30 hours | ||||||
| Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | P for interaction | |
| Caffeinated beverages† | |||||||||
| Model 1 | <0·01 | ||||||||
| Men | 0·43 | 0·30, 0·55 | 0·70*** | 0·58, 0·82 | 0·80*** | 0·63, 0·97 | 0·93*** | 0·78, 1·07 | |
| Women | 0·70 | 0·57, 0·84 | 0·64 | 0·51, 0·77 | 0·67 | 0·53, 0·81 | 0·72 | 0·60, 0·84 | |
| Model 2 | <0·01 | ||||||||
| Men | 0·56 | 0·41, 0·71 | 0·76* | 0·63, 0·89 | 0·89** | 0·72, 1·07 | 0·97*** | 0·82, 1·11 | |
| Women | 0·67 | 0·54, 0·81 | 0·63 | 0·50, 0·75 | 0·61 | 0·48, 0·75 | 0·67 | 0·55, 0·79 | |
| Model 3 | <0·01 | ||||||||
| Men | 0·60 | 0·44, 0·75 | 0·78 | 0·65, 0·91 | 0·89** | 0·71, 1·06 | 0·94** | 0·80, 1·09 | |
| Women | 0·68 | 0·54, 0·81 | 0·63 | 0·50, 0·76 | 0·62 | 0·48, 0·76 | 0·66 | 0·54, 0·78 | |
| Sugar-free beverages‡ | |||||||||
| Model 1 | <0·01 | ||||||||
| Men | 0·14 | 0·06, 0·22 | 0·32** | 0·24, 0·41 | 0·36** | 0·23, 0·48 | 0·39** | 0·28, 0·49 | |
| Women | 0·47 | 0·36, 0·57 | 0·35 | 0·26, 0·44 | 0·42 | 0·29, 0·55 | 0·35 | 0·26, 0·44 | |
| Model 2 | <0·01 | ||||||||
| Men | 0·16 | 0·08, 0·25 | 0·34** | 0·25, 0·44 | 0·38** | 0·24, 0·51 | 0·40*** | 0·29, 0·50 | |
| Women | 0·47 | 0·37, 0·58 | 0·35 | 0·26, 0·44 | 0·41 | 0·28, 0·53 | 0·34 | 0·25, 0·43 | |
| Model 3 | <0·01 | ||||||||
| Men | 0·20 | 0·10, 0·29 | 0·35* | 0·25, 0·45 | 0·36* | 0·23, 0·49 | 0·37* | 0·27, 0·47 | |
| Women | 0·48 | 0·37, 0·58 | 0·35 | 0·26, 0·44 | 0·41 | 0·28, 0·53 | 0·34 | 0·24, 0·43 | |
Model 1 adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, education and marital status.
Model 2 added depression, and physical activity.
Model 3 added time in bed.
Breakfast consumption measured in servings per week; beverages in servings per day.
*P<0·05, **P<0·01, ***P<0·001 compared with the referent category.
Caffeinated beverages were defined as low-calorie beverages with caffeine (e.g. Diet Coke, Diet Mountain Dew), carbonated beverages with caffeine and sugar (e.g. Coke, Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Dr. Pepper), tea with caffeine including green tea, coffee with caffeine and dairy coffee drink (e.g. cappuccino).
Sugar-free beverages were defined as low-calorie beverages with caffeine and other low-calorie beverages without caffeine (e.g. Diet 7-Up).