Table 4.
Prevalence ratios (95 % CI) for intakes of energy drinks and sports drinks by sleep duration, variability, timing and quality: young adults aged 20–30 years, Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota, USA, 2008–2009, Project EAT (Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults)
| Time in bed | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <7 h per night (N 203) | 7–<8 h per night (N 471) | 8–<9 h per night (N 642) | ≥9 h per night (N 457) | |||||
| PR | 95 % CI | PR | 95 % CI | PR | 95 % CI | PR | 95 % CI | |
| Energy drinks† | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1·45 | 0·95, 1·94 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·09 | 0·79, 1·39 | 1·03 | 0·71, 1·35 |
| Model 2 | 1·39 | 0·91, 1·87 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·08 | 0·79, 1·38 | 1·01 | 0·71, 1·32 |
| Sports drinks† | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 0·97 | 0·74, 1·20 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·86 | 0·71, 1·02 | 0·80* | 0·62, 0·97 |
| Model 2 | 0·94 | 0·71, 1·18 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·85* | 0·70, 0·99 | 0·80* | 0·63, 0·98 |
| Sleep variability | ||||||||
| <0·5 h (N 339) | 0·5–<1 h (N 364) | 1–1·5 h (N 571) | >1·5 h (N 500) | |||||
| PR | 95 % CI | PR | 95 % CI | PR | 95 % CI | PR | 95 % CI | |
| Energy drinks | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·59** | 1·04, 2·14 | 1·30 | 0·88, 1·73 | 1·40* | 0·93, 1·87 |
| Model 2 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·54* | 1·02, 2·07 | 1·29 | 0·87, 1·70 | 1·36 | 0·90, 1·81 |
| Model 3 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·53* | 1·01, 2·04 | 1·29 | 0·87, 1·71 | 1·35 | 0·89, 1·81 |
| Sports drinks | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·08 | 0·84, 1·33 | 1·01 | 0·80, 1·23 | 0·93 | 0·71, 1·14 |
| Model 2 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·06 | 0·82, 1·30 | 0·99 | 0·79, 1·20 | 0·92 | 0·71, 1·13 |
| Model 3 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·02 | 0·79, 1·24 | 0·95 | 0·76, 1·15 | 0·87 | 0·68, 1·07 |
| Sleep timing | ||||||||
| ≤22.30 hours (N 237) | 22.30–23.30 hours (N 497) | 23.30–00.30 hours (N 390) | >00.30 hours (N 560) | |||||
| PR | 95 % CI | PR | 95 % CI | PR | 95 % CI | PR | 95 % CI | |
| Energy drinks | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·44 | 0·86, 2·01 | 1·63* | 0·97, 2·29 | 1·83** | 1·10, 2·55 |
| Model 2 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·36 | 0·82, 1·90 | 1·53* | 0·92, 2·15 | 1·71** | 1·04, 2·38 |
| Model 3 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·35 | 0·82, 1·89 | 1·50* | 0·90, 2·11 | 1·65** | 0·99, 2·30 |
| Sports drinks | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·07 | 0·80, 1·34 | 1·07 | 0·79, 1·35 | 1·22 | 0·92, 1·51 |
| Model 2 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·03 | 0·78, 1·28 | 1·04 | 0·77, 1·30 | 1·18 | 0·90, 1·46 |
| Model 3 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·01 | 0·76, 1·26 | 1·01 | 0·75, 1·26 | 1·15 | 0·87, 1·43 |
| Sleep quality‡ | ||||||||
| Not at all (N 604) | Somewhat (N 811) | Very much (N 358) | ||||||
| PR | 95 % CI | PR | 95 % CI | PR | 95 % CI | |||
| Energy drinks | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·42** | 1·06, 1·78 | 1·96*** | 1·40, 2·51 | ||
| Model 2 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·38* | 1·01, 1·74 | 1·84*** | 1·28, 2·40 | ||
| Model 3 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·37* | 1·01, 1·74 | 1·79*** | 1·24, 2·34 | ||
| Sports drinks | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | 0·83, 1·17 | 1·24* | 0·99, 1·49 | ||
| Model 2 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·99 | 0·82, 1·17 | 1·27* | 1·00, 1·55 | ||
| Model 3 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | 0·83, 1·18 | 1·28* | 1·00, 1·56 | ||
PR, prevalence ratio; Ref., referent category.
Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education and marital status.
Model 2 added depression and physical activity.
Model 3 added sleep duration.
*P<0·05, **P<0·01, ***P <0·001.
Energy and sports drink consumption defined as at least one drink per week v. less than one drink per week.
Sleep quality was assessed via the following question: ‘During the past 12 months, how often have you been bothered or troubled by having trouble going to sleep or staying asleep?’