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. 2018 Apr 2;33(8):1276–1282. doi: 10.1007/s11606-018-4386-x

Table 2.

Results of Bivariate and Multivariate Multilevel Logistic Regression Models Predicting Glycemic Control (N  = 20,858)

Bivariate Multivariate: main effects model Multivariate: two-way interaction model Multivariate: three-way interaction model
β Odds ratio (95% CI) p value β Odds ratio (95% CI) p value β Odds ratio (95% CI) p value β Odds ratio (95% CI) p value
Time (reference = 2009) − 0.26 0.77 (0.73–0.81) < 0.001 −0.33 0.72 (0.67–0.77) <0.001 − 0.44 0.65 (0.52–0.81) < 0.001 − 0.43 0.65 (0.52–0.81) < 0.001
Gender (ref = male) − 0.28 0.75 (0.64–0.90) 0.001 0.13 1.14 (0.93–1.41) 0.22 0.15 1.16 (0.93–1.46) 0.20 0.15 1.16 (0.92–1.46) 0.20
Race (ref = non-Hispanic black) 0.55 1.74 (1.63–1.86) < 0.001 0.34 1.40 (1.28–1.52) <0.001 0.43 1.53 (1.23–1.91) 0.001 0.43 1.54 (1.22–1.93) < 0.001
Age (in years) 0.05 1.05 (1.04–1.05) < 0.001 0.05 1.05 (1.04–1.05) <0.001 0.05 1.05 (1.04–1.05) < 0.001 0.05 1.05 (1.04–1.05) < 0.001
Married (ref = not married) 0.30 1.34 (1.27–1.42) < 0.001 0.15 1.17 (1.09–1.25) <0.001 0.15 1.17 (1.09–1.25) < 0.001 0.15 1.17 (1.09–1.25) < 0.001
Body mass index 0.005 0.99 (0.99–1.00) 0.03 0.002 1.00 (0.99–1.01) 0.44 0.002 1.00 (1.00–1.01) 0.44 0.002 1.00 (1.00–1.01) 0.44
Illness burden (RRS) − 0.04 0.97 (0.96–0.98) < 0.001 0.01 1.01 (0.99–1.03) 0.09 0.01 1.01 (1.00–1.03) 0.10 0.01 1.01 (1.00–1.03) 0.10
Cardiovascular disease (ref = no diagnosis) 0.02 1.02 (0.96–1.09) 0.47 −0.13 0.88 (0.82–0.94) <0.001 − 0.13 0.88 (0.82–0.94) < 0.001 − 0.13 0.88 (0.82–0.94) < 0.001
Depression (ref = no diagnosis) − 0.23 0.79 (0.74–0.85) < 0.001 −0.11 0.90 (0.83–0.97) 0.006 − 0.11 0.90 (0.83–0.97) 0.006 − 0.11 0.90 (0.83–0.97) 0.006
Hypertension (ref = no diagnosis) 0.14 1.15 (1.06–1.25) 0.001 0.08 1.08 (0.98–1.20) 0.14 0.08 1.08 (0.98–1.20) 0.14 0.08 1.08 (0.98–1.20) 0.14
Insulin use (ref = no) − 0.97 0.38 (0.36–0.40) < 0.001 −1.00 0.37 (0.35–0.39) <0.001 − 1.00 0.37 (0.35–0.39) < 0.001 − 1.00 0.37 (0.35–0.39) < 0.001
Number of primary care visits in the last year − 0.01 0.99 (0.98–1.00) < 0.001 0.01 1.01 (1.00–1.02) 0.003 0.012 1.01 (1.00–1.02) 0.002 0.012 1.01 (1.00–1.02) 0.002
Provider type (ref = physician) 0.06 1.06 (0.99–1.13) 0.11 0.06 1.06 (0.99–1.15) 0.10 0.06 1.07 (0.99–1.15) 0.10 0.06 1.07 (0.99–1.15) 0.10
Facility type (ref = teaching) 0.28 1.32 (1.24–1.40) < 0.001 0.04 1.04 (0.97–1.11) 0.29 0.04 1.04 (0.97–1.12) 0.29 0.04 1.04 (0.97–1.12) 0.29
Time × gender N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.30 1.34 (0.87–2.08) 0.19 − 0.29 0.75 (0.48–1.17) 0.21
Time × race N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.16 1.18 (1.02–1.36) 0.028 − 0.19 0.83 (0.53–1.30) 0.42
Gender × race N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A − 0.16 0.86 (0.56–1.32) 0.48 0.16 1.18 (0.75–1.85) 0.48
Time × gender × race N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A − 0.05 0.95 (0.39–2.34) 0.91

P-values < 0.05 are italicized