Table 2.
Results of Bivariate and Multivariate Multilevel Logistic Regression Models Predicting Glycemic Control (N = 20,858)
| Bivariate | Multivariate: main effects model | Multivariate: two-way interaction model | Multivariate: three-way interaction model | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | β | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | β | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | β | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
| Time (reference = 2009) | − 0.26 | 0.77 (0.73–0.81) | < 0.001 | −0.33 | 0.72 (0.67–0.77) | < 0.001 | − 0.44 | 0.65 (0.52–0.81) | < 0.001 | − 0.43 | 0.65 (0.52–0.81) | < 0.001 |
| Gender (ref = male) | − 0.28 | 0.75 (0.64–0.90) | 0.001 | 0.13 | 1.14 (0.93–1.41) | 0.22 | 0.15 | 1.16 (0.93–1.46) | 0.20 | 0.15 | 1.16 (0.92–1.46) | 0.20 |
| Race (ref = non-Hispanic black) | 0.55 | 1.74 (1.63–1.86) | < 0.001 | 0.34 | 1.40 (1.28–1.52) | < 0.001 | 0.43 | 1.53 (1.23–1.91) | 0.001 | 0.43 | 1.54 (1.22–1.93) | < 0.001 |
| Age (in years) | 0.05 | 1.05 (1.04–1.05) | < 0.001 | 0.05 | 1.05 (1.04–1.05) | < 0.001 | 0.05 | 1.05 (1.04–1.05) | < 0.001 | 0.05 | 1.05 (1.04–1.05) | < 0.001 |
| Married (ref = not married) | 0.30 | 1.34 (1.27–1.42) | < 0.001 | 0.15 | 1.17 (1.09–1.25) | < 0.001 | 0.15 | 1.17 (1.09–1.25) | < 0.001 | 0.15 | 1.17 (1.09–1.25) | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index | 0.005 | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.03 | 0.002 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.44 | 0.002 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.44 | 0.002 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.44 |
| Illness burden (RRS) | − 0.04 | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | < 0.001 | 0.01 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.09 | 0.01 | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 0.10 | 0.01 | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 0.10 |
| Cardiovascular disease (ref = no diagnosis) | 0.02 | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 0.47 | −0.13 | 0.88 (0.82–0.94) | < 0.001 | − 0.13 | 0.88 (0.82–0.94) | < 0.001 | − 0.13 | 0.88 (0.82–0.94) | < 0.001 |
| Depression (ref = no diagnosis) | − 0.23 | 0.79 (0.74–0.85) | < 0.001 | −0.11 | 0.90 (0.83–0.97) | 0.006 | − 0.11 | 0.90 (0.83–0.97) | 0.006 | − 0.11 | 0.90 (0.83–0.97) | 0.006 |
| Hypertension (ref = no diagnosis) | 0.14 | 1.15 (1.06–1.25) | 0.001 | 0.08 | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) | 0.14 | 0.08 | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) | 0.14 | 0.08 | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) | 0.14 |
| Insulin use (ref = no) | − 0.97 | 0.38 (0.36–0.40) | < 0.001 | −1.00 | 0.37 (0.35–0.39) | < 0.001 | − 1.00 | 0.37 (0.35–0.39) | < 0.001 | − 1.00 | 0.37 (0.35–0.39) | < 0.001 |
| Number of primary care visits in the last year | − 0.01 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | < 0.001 | 0.01 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.003 | 0.012 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.002 | 0.012 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.002 |
| Provider type (ref = physician) | 0.06 | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) | 0.11 | 0.06 | 1.06 (0.99–1.15) | 0.10 | 0.06 | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | 0.10 | 0.06 | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | 0.10 |
| Facility type (ref = teaching) | 0.28 | 1.32 (1.24–1.40) | < 0.001 | 0.04 | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) | 0.29 | 0.04 | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) | 0.29 | 0.04 | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) | 0.29 |
| Time × gender | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.30 | 1.34 (0.87–2.08) | 0.19 | − 0.29 | 0.75 (0.48–1.17) | 0.21 |
| Time × race | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.16 | 1.18 (1.02–1.36) | 0.028 | − 0.19 | 0.83 (0.53–1.30) | 0.42 |
| Gender × race | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | − 0.16 | 0.86 (0.56–1.32) | 0.48 | 0.16 | 1.18 (0.75–1.85) | 0.48 |
| Time × gender × race | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | − 0.05 | 0.95 (0.39–2.34) | 0.91 |
P-values < 0.05 are italicized