Figure 4. Inhibition of GSK3β Regulates Hippocampal Energy Metabolism in Mice.

(A and B) RT-PCR detection of PGC-1α isoforms in the whole-mouse brain (A) or in isolated neurons and glia (B).

(C) RT-PCR detection of PGC-1α isoforms in neurons and glia isolated from the whole brain of mice fed the indicated doses of dietary lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃) for 4 months.

(D–F) Representative images and quantification of cytochrome C oxidase mitochondrial activity stain (D), GSK3β immunodetection (E), and PGC-1α immunodetection in the indicated hippocampal regions from Li₂CO₃ fed mice (F).

(G and H) Representative images of mean fluorescence lifetime (τ_m) in picoseconds (_exλ₇₈₀) in the dentate gyrus from Li₂CO₃ fed mice (G) and τ_m distributions separated by region (top panel) and by dose (bottom panel) (H).

n = 4–6 mice per Li₂CO₃ dosage; data shown as an average ± SEM or distributions; *p < 0.05, linear mixed models. WH, whole hippocampus; DG, dentate gyrus; GL, granular layer; PL, polymorphic layer; ML, molecular layer; CB, cell bodies; and NP, neuropil.