Table 2. Classification, mean dimension scores (±SD), and best-fitting emotion.
| Cluster | Class | Valence | Arousal | Dominance | Certainty | Emotion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (A) Desolation | (I) Desolation/threat | 4.62(0.18) | 5.06(0.40) | 4.33(0.26) | 4.26(0.39) | Sadness |
| (II) Desolation/loss | 3.71(0.29) | 5.35(0.40) | 3.89(0.40) | 4.43(0.41) | Sadness | |
| (B) Neutral | (III) Neutral | 5.46(0.32) | 4.68(0.61) | 4.60(0.54) | 4.96(0.31) | Neutral/Interest |
| (C) Frightening | (IV) Shocking | 2.56(0.36) | 6.72(0.28) | 2.42(0.22) | 3.76(0.33) | Fear |
| (V) Highly shocking | 2.00(0.12) | 7.36(0.26) | 1.89(0.27) | 3.60(0.60) | Fear | |
| (VI) Victims | 1.70(0.23) | 6.42(0.40) | 3.06(0.31) | 3.90(0.44) | Fear | |
| (VII) Aftermath/rubble | 2.64(0.34) | 5.91(0.44) | 3.35(0.37) | 4.46(0.22) | Fear | |
| (VIII) Volcanic eruption | 3.47(0.23) | 6.19(0.41) | 2.81(0.34) | 3.53(0.34) | Fear | |
| (D) Pleasant/aesthetic | (IX) Pleasant/aesthetic | 7.40(0.57) | 2.94(0.40) | 5.24(0.42) | 6.15(0.39) | Aesthetic emotion |
Standard deviations are in brackets. The class groups the different picture numbers.
Cluster (A) Desolation (2 classes, 46 pictures): Class I (14 pictures): Volcanic Eruptions (32, 33, 70), Acid lakes (44, 124), Active volcanoes (150, 155), Lava flows (100, 103), Geysers (46, 47), Aftermaths (107), Fumaroles (43), Lahars (49);
Class II (32 pictures): Aftermaths (5, 7, 9, 18, 27, 28, 40, 41, 51, 61, 65, 90, 94, 108, 111), Volcanic eruptions (30, 34, 36, 37, 60, 62, 69, 71), Lava flows (74, 101), Pyroclastic flows (66, 67), Avalanches (79), Volcanic ash clouds (63), Fumaroles (45), Lahars (50), Fires (83);
Cluster (B) Neutral (1 class, 7 pictures):
Class III: Avalanches (7 pictures): (1,2), Acid lakes (123), Lava flows (102), Sea storms (97), Volcanoes (152), Volcanic eruptions (42);
Cluster (C) Frightening (5 classes, 93 pictures):
Class IV (23 pictures): Lava flows (52, 53, 54, 104, 105, 110, 120, 121, 127), Fires (11, 12, 82, 87), Tornadoes (20, 21, 22), Floods (88, 89), Sea storm(98, 99), Lahars (112), Victim of pyroclastic flow (147), Volcanic explosions (38);
Class V (7 pictures): Fires (10, 39, 84, 86), Tornadoes (95, 96), Tsunamis (23);
Class VI (9 pictures): Human victims (133, 134, 135, 136, 140, 141, 142, 144), Cattle corpses (109);
Class VII (33 pictures): Aftermaths (3, 4, 6, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 24, 25, 26, 29, 48, 64, 80, 81, 91, 92, 93, 114), Victims removed from rubble (132, 137, 138, 139, 143, 145, 146), Buildings on fire (85, 113), Lava flows (55, 56, 59);
Class VIII (21 pictures): Volcanic eruptions (31, 35, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 115, 116, 117, 118, 130, 131), Pyroclastic flows (128, 129, 68), Lava flows (57, 58, 106), Avalanches (78), Fumaroles (119);
Cluster (D) Pleasant/aesthetic (1 class, 8 pictures):
Class IX (8 pictures): Volcanoes (148, 149, 151, 153, 154), Acid lakes (122, 125, 126);