Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants at ARIC Study Visit 2 (1990–1992), by Diabetes Status (n = 13 346)
| Characteristic | No Diabetes (n = 11 290)* | Unconfirmed Undiagnosed Diabetes (n = 595)† | Confirmed Undiagnosed Diabetes (n = 383)‡ | Diagnosed Diabetes (n = 1078)§ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (SD), y | 56.8 (5.7) | 57.7 (5.6) | 57.6 (5.8) | 58.5 (5.7) |
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| Female, % | 56.0 | 49.7 | 57.2 | 56.2 |
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| Black, % | 20.1 | 35.3 | 45.4 | 39.2 |
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| Race–center, % | ||||
| Minnesota white participants | 28.9 | 24.4 | 14.1 | 14.7 |
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| Mississippi black participants | 17.9 | 31.3 | 40.7 | 35.7 |
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| Maryland white participants | 26.7 | 23.4 | 25.3 | 28.6 |
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| North Carolina black participants | 2.2 | 4.0 | 4.7 | 3.5 |
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| North Carolina white participants | 24.3 | 17.0 | 15.1 | 17.4 |
| Body mass index category, % | ||||
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| Normal weight (<25 kg/m2) | 34.7 | 12.3 | 6.0 | 14.8 |
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| Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 40.9 | 41.2 | 29.5 | 34.1 |
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| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 24.3 | 46.6 | 64.5 | 51.0 |
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| Education level, % | ||||
| Less than high school | 7.1 | 10.6 | 12.8 | 16.0 |
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| High school or equivalent | 43.8 | 49.4 | 46.2 | 47.6 |
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| College or above | 49.0 | 40.0 | 41.0 | 36.4 |
| Smoking status, % | ||||
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| Never | 39.8 | 34.8 | 42.6 | 43.2 |
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| Former | 38.0 | 43.2 | 36.0 | 37.4 |
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| Current | 22.3 | 22.0 | 21.4 | 19.4 |
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| Drinking status, % | ||||
| Never | 21.4 | 20.8 | 30.3 | 30.3 |
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| Former | 18.8 | 24.7 | 27.4 | 35.0 |
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| Current | 59.7 | 54.5 | 42.3 | 34.7 |
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| Mean total cholesterol level (SD) | ||||
| mmol/L | 5.4 (1.0) | 5.5 (1.1) | 5.7 (1.1) | 5.6 (1.2) |
| mg/dL | 209.1 (38.3) | 213.4 (41.7) | 218.4 (43.7) | 215.2 (46.7) |
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| Mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (SD) | ||||
| mmol/L | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.4) |
| mg/dL | 50.7 (16.8) | 44.8 (15.0) | 41.7 (12.6) | 43.0 (14.0) |
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| Mean triglyceride level (SD) | ||||
| mmol/L | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.8 (1.3) | 2.0 (1.3) | 2.1 (1.7) |
| mg/dL | 127.8 (76.3) | 163.2 (114.7) | 177.6 (114.2) | 183.7 (151.0) |
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| Hypertension, % | 31.4 | 55.3 | 57.2 | 59.3 |
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| Mean systolic blood pressure (SD), mm Hg | 120.2 (18.3) | 127.8 (19.7) | 128.7 (17.3) | 127.8 (20.0) |
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| Mean diastolic blood pressure (SD), mm Hg | 72.0 (10.2) | 74.4 (10.9) | 74.5 (10.2) | 71.4 (10.2) |
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| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, % | 1.6 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 5.6 |
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| Family history of diabetes, % | 21.7 | 30.4 | 37.6 | 41.7 |
ARIC = Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c.
*
HbA1c level <6.5% and fasting glucose level <126 mg/dL among persons without diagnosed diabetes.
†
Elevated HbA1c level (≥6.5%) or elevated fasting glucose level (≥126 mg/dL), but not elevated levels of both HbA1c and fasting glucose among persons without diagnosed diabetes.
‡
Elevated levels of both HbA1c (≥6.5%) and fasting glucose (≥126 mg/dL) among persons without diagnosed diabetes.
§
Self-reported physician diagnosis of diabetes or current use of glucose-lowering medication.