Appendix Table 3.

Adjusted Hazard Ratios and 95% CIs for Major Clinical Outcomes, by Isolated Fasting Glucose Elevation, Isolated HbA_1c Elevation, Confirmed Undiagnosed Diabetes, or Diagnosed Diabetes at ARIC Study Visit 2 (1990–1992)^*

Diabetes Status, by Outcome	Events/Participants, n/N	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)
		Model 1†	Model 2‡
Incident diagnosed diabetes
No diabetes	2830/11 224	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Isolated fasting glucose elevation	294/435	5.56 (4.92–6.28)	4.17 (3.68–4.72)
Isolated HbA1c elevation	106/160	6.40 (5.25–7.80)	4.82 (3.95–5.89)
Confirmed undiagnosed diabetes	343/380	25.06 (22.15–28.35)	15.93 (14.02–18.10)
Chronic kidney disease
No diabetes	2653/11 108	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Isolated fasting glucose elevation	133/427	1.43 (1.20–1.70)§	1.15 (0.96–1.37)
Isolated HbA1c elevation	55/155	1.96 (1.49–2.56)§	1.53 (1.17–2.01)
Confirmed undiagnosed diabetes	134/373	1.80 (1.51–2.15)	1.51 (1.26–1.81)
Diagnosed diabetes	456/1017	2.92 (2.64–3.23)	2.54 (2.28–2.82)
Cardiovascular disease
No diabetes	2550/10 466	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Isolated fasting glucose elevation	121/380	1.38 (1.15–1.66)§	1.09 (0.90–1.31)§
Isolated HbA1c elevation	59/135	1.93 (1.49–2.50)§	1.55 (1.19–2.01)§
Confirmed undiagnosed diabetes	146/347	2.00 (1.69–2.36)	1.52 (1.28–1.81)
Diagnosed diabetes	429/839	2.76 (2.48–3.06)	2.18 (1.95–2.43)
Peripheral artery disease
No diabetes	308/10 819	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Isolated fasting glucose elevation	10/419	0.81 (0.43–1.52)§	0.64 (0.34–1.21)§
Isolated HbA1c elevation	10/151	2.65 (1.40–5.00)§	1.72 (0.91–3.27)§
Confirmed undiagnosed diabetes	34/368	3.52 (2.46–5.04)	2.48 (1.71–3.59)
Diagnosed diabetes	130/996	5.63 (4.55–6.95)	4.05 (3.21–5.11)
All-cause mortality
No diabetes	4110/11 290	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Isolated fasting glucose elevation	207/435	1.33 (1.16–1.53)§	1.20 (1.04–1.38)§
Isolated HbA1c elevation	97/160	1.81 (1.48–2.22)§	1.54 (1.25–1.89)§
Confirmed undiagnosed diabetes	216/383	1.67 (1.46–1.92)	1.49 (1.29–1.71)
Diagnosed diabetes	743/1078	2.31 (2.14–2.50)	1.99 (1.82–2.16)

ARIC = Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; HbA_1c = hemoglobin A_1c.

^*No diabetes was defined as HbA_1c level <6.5% and fasting glucose level <126 mg/dL among persons without diagnosed diabetes. Isolated fasting glucose elevation was defined as fasting glucose level ≥126 mg/dL but not elevated HbA_1c level among persons without diagnosed diabetes. Isolated HbA_1c elevation was defined as HbA_1c level ≥6.5% but not elevated fasting glucose level among persons without diagnosed diabetes. Confirmed undiagnosed diabetes was defined as HbA_1c level ≥6.5% and fasting glucose level ≥126 mg/dL among persons without diagnosed diabetes. Diagnosed diabetes was defined as self-reported physician diagnosis of diabetes or current glucose-lowering medication use. After exclusions for prevalent disease, the sample sizes for the analyses were 12 199 for incident diagnosed diabetes, 13 080 for chronic kidney disease, 12 167 for cardiovascular disease, 12 753 for peripheral artery disease, and 13 346 for mortality (Appendix Figure 1).

^†Included age, sex, and race–center.

^‡Included age, sex, race–center, body mass index, education, drinking status, smoking status, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglyceride level, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, use of blood pressure–lowering medication, family history of diabetes, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.

^§P < 0.05 for confirmed vs. unconfirmed groups.