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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 9.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Med. 2018 Jul 9;24(8):1246–1256. doi: 10.1038/s41591-018-0092-9

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Transplanting small numbers of senescent cells induces physical dysfunction in younger mice. (a) Experimental design for transplantation and physical function measurements. (b,c) Representative images of LUC activity of various organs from LUC-negative male mice (n = 3) 5 d post-transplantation with SEN (induced by radiation) and CON preadipocytes from LUC-positive transgenic mice. Scale bars, 10 mm. (d-j) Maximal walking speed (relative to baseline) (d), hanging endurance (e), grip strength (f), daily activity (g), treadmill endurance (h), food intake (i), and change in body weight (BW) (j) of 6-month-old male C57BL/6 mice 1 mo after being injected with PBS, 1×106 non-senescent control (1M CON), 0.2 x106 SEN (0.2M SEN), 0.5×106 SEN (0.5M SEN), or 1×106 SEN (1M SEN) preadipocytes (n = 6 for all groups). Results are means ± s.e.m. (k-m). SA-βgal+ cell numbers (n = 6) (k), p16Ink4a mRNA levels (n = 7) (l), and cells from recipient mice that were TAF+ (>2 TAFs/nucleus) and LUC− (n = 4 mice) (m) in 6-month-old male wildtype (LUC−) C57BL/6 mice 2 mo after being transplanted with 1×106 SEN or CON transgenic constitutively-expressing LUC (LUC+) preadipocytes from transgenic mouse donors. Results are shown as box and whiskers plots, where a box extends from the 25th to 75th percentile with the median shown as a line in the middle, and whiskers indicate smallest and largest values. *P < 0.05; ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc comparison (d-j) and two-tailed, unpaired Student’s t-test (k-m).