Fig. 3. Generation of humanized mice for immunotherapy models.

The NSG mice are irradiated with whole body gamma irradiation. Human CD34⁺ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are intravascularly injected into NSG mice at 5 weeks. Humanization for the engraftment of human HSCs is monitored by flow cytometry of use for determining the percentage of differentiated human CD45⁺ cells in the peripheral blood of the mice. Patient tumor tissues are then engrafted into ‘humanized’ mice and used for studying the efficacy of variety therapies. These humanized PDX models can also permit the study of human immune responses, including the analysis of TILs, cytokines, and antibodies