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. 2018 Aug 8;8:11874. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30349-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Relative intensity of identified metabolites. Relative intensities of each identified metabolite in the urine and plasma are shown with boxplots. (A) Metabolites containing aromatic amino acids or branched amino acids (L-phenylalanine, phenylacetic acid, homogentisic acid, N-acetyltryptophan, 6-hydroxyindole, 5-hydroxy-6-methoxyindole glucuronide, acetyl-DL-valine, and vanillic acid sulphate). (B) Metabolites known to be toxic [hippuric acid, indoxyl sulphuric acid, p-cresol sulphate, 3-nitro-L-tyrosine, 4-hydroxynonenal glutathione, 3-(3-indolyl)-2-oxopropanoic acid, 5-hydroxykynurenamine, 3-ketosphingosine, and sphingosine] or antioxidants (N-acetyl-L-cysteine and ascorbate sulphate). The boxplots show 5% and 95% confidence intervals. A paired t-test was used for statistical evaluation. *FDR-adjusted P-value < 0.05 between pre-dose and week 8.