Figure 9.

Rosuvastatin protected against HT via decreasing BBB leakage by attenuating inflammation. Astrocytic and microglial activation increase the release of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, Cox-2, iNOS, IL-1β, and IL-6. The NF-κB and MAPK pathways are involved in glial inflammation. Activated MAPKs can stimulate IκB kinase, release NF-κB dimers from the inactive cytoplasmic NF-κB/IκB complex and induce the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, thus decreasing BBB leakage. AEF indicates the end foot of the astrocyte, P indicates the pericyte, EC indicates the endothelial cell, and blood is shown flowing from the lumen, indicating BBB leakage.