Table 1. Characteristics of Participants according to Sex.
| Men (n=5966) | Women (n=7140) | p value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, n (%) | 0.0017 | ||
| 20–29 yr | 623 (17.8) | 803 (17.6) | |
| 30–49 yr | 1933 (41.8) | 2877 (44.1) | |
| 50–64 yr | 1685 (25.3) | 1815 (22.8) | |
| 65–74 yr | 1100 (9.9) | 963 (9.1) | |
| ≥75 yr | 625 (5.2) | 682 (6.3) | |
| Education, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| Elementary or less | 991 (11.5) | 1583 (17.7) | |
| Junior high school | 631 (8.9) | 619 (8.8) | |
| High school | 1875 (39.4) | 2106 (35.9) | |
| College or more | 1878 (40.2) | 2138 (37.7) | |
| Household income, n (%) | 0.0083 | ||
| Q1 (lowest) | 1131 (13.5) | 1386 (15.5) | |
| Q2 | 1505 (24.6) | 1776 (24.7) | |
| Q3 | 1635 (30.2) | 1933 (28.9) | |
| Q4 (highest) | 1665 (31.7) | 1999 (31.0) | |
| Residence, n (%) | 0.0002 | ||
| Urban | 4671 (81.6) | 5786 (84.3) | |
| Rural | 1295 (18.4) | 1354 (15.7) | |
| Drinking, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 3919 (73.2) | 2778 (45.4) | <0.0001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 2008 (39.9) | 311 (5.2) | <0.0001 |
| Walking, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 2205 (41.6) | 2428 (39.3) | 0.0267 |
| Energy (kcal), mean±SE | 2193.4±13.1 | 1719.5±9.9 | <0.0001 |
| Carbohydrate (% energy) | 64.5±0.2 | 66.0±0.2 | <0.0001 |
| Protein (% energy) | 15.0±0.1 | 14.1±0.1 | <0.0001 |
| Fat (% energy) | 20.5±0.2 | 19.9±0.2 | 0.0022 |
SE, standard error.
All analyses accounted for the complex sampling design effect and appropriate sampling weights of the national survey using PROC SURVEY in SAS.
*p values were determined by t test for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables.