Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 9.
Published in final edited form as: Stem Cell Res. 2018 May 22;30:85–95. doi: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.05.016

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Inverse agonism of RARs augments mesoderm induction. (A-H) Representative images of reporter expression under separate and combined treatment conditions for Wnt3a/CHIR99021, AGN193109, and Noggin after 2 days of treatment (day 4 of differentiation). (A’-H’) FACS analyses of Tbx6 and Brachyury reporter expressing cells after 3 days of treatment (day 5 of differentiation) under the same treatment combinations as shown in (A). RAR inhibition resulted in substantial increases in the percentage of Tbx6+, T+, and Tbx6+/T+ cells. Gates were set based on undifferentiated control stem cells. (I) Gene expression analyses on day 5 for paraxial mesoderm gene markers Tbx6, Msgn1, Meox1, and Hoxb1 using indicated combinations of Wnt3a/CHIR99021, AGN193109, and Noggin. Dramatic up- regulation of all paraxial gene markers was observed when AGN193109 was added with Wnt3a/CHIR99021 with or without Noggin relative to their respective individual treatments. Data shown as mean ± SEM (n = 3, *p < .05, **p < .05, where * and ** denotes the comparison of treatments between Wnt3a, CHIR99021 to Wnt3a, CHIR99021 with AGN193109).