Table 1.
The roles and responsibilities of whole-of-society proposed by WHO in 2009 and the addition in 2013 and 2017
| Sectors | Roles and responsibility in 2009a | Added roles and responsibility in 2013b and 2017c | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Government | Central government | 1. Leader; 2. Enact or modify legislation and policies; 3. Prioritize and guide the allocation and targeting of resources; 4. Provide planning information and framework; 5. Define, oversee, and coordinate preparedness actions. |
1. Conduct training to ensure effective dissemination at all levels; 2. Design and implement exercises to test plans and encourage community mobilization |
| Ministries of Transportation | 1. Minimize infection risks and staff absences in vital transportation plots | 1. Mechanisms for communication and education of public transportation users | |
| Ministries of Finance | 1. Maintain essential financial services; 2. Conduct testing of systemic resilience to pandemic risk |
1. National-level financial planning for pandemic risk management; 2. The mechanisms to draw down emergency funding for interventions should be tested prior to a pandemic. |
|
| Ministries of Justice | 1. Consider what legal processes could be suspended and make alternative plans to operate courts during pandemic.; 2. Minimize the spread of infection in prisons and other institutions under their authority. |
1. Maintain all essential legal and administrative operations during a pandemic; 2. Plans for infection control and risk reduction in facilities should be tested in conjunction with the Ministry of Health plans. |
|
| Ministries of Defense | 1. Release and mobilize military assets | 1. Based on Ministry of Health planning assumptions and risk assessment | |
| Ministries of Education | 1. Surveillance of absenteeism in schools; 2. Linking of school surveillance systems with the Ministry of Health. |
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| Ministries of Energy | 1. Well-developed and well-exercised preparedness plans; 2. Alternative plans for energy supplies. |
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| Ministries of Communication | 1. Ensure communication channels open at the time of crises; 2. Develop a national communication plan |
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| Ministries of Agriculture and Animal Health | 1. Surveillance and monitoring of non-seasonal influenza viruses; 2. Decrease the exposure of humans to influenza viruses at the human–animal ecosystem interface. |
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| Ministries of Health | 1. Provide reliable information on the risk, severity, and progression of a pandemic and the effectiveness of interventions used; 2. Provide health care; 3. Reduce the spread of influenza; 4. Protect and support health-care workers. |
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| Business Sectors | 1. Medical supplies and services; 2. Monitor absenteeism; 3. Reduce population density in shopping areas; 4. Protect employees; 5. Provide accurate and timely communication messages; 6. Provide personal protective equipment and training |
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| Civil society and community-based organizations | 1. Translate scientific and government messages and recommendations; 2. Build public confidence, disseminate information, and identify people at risk; 3. Provide community-based services |
1. Maintain or expand their essential services | |
| Individuals and families | 1. For families, have access to reliable information from sources; 2. For individuals, assist the others; 3. Adoption of individual and household measures, such as covering coughs and sneezes, hand washing, and the voluntary isolation of persons with respiratory illness |
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a World Health Organization. Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response, 2009
b World Health Organization. Pandemic Influenza Risk Management, 2013
c World Health Organization. Pandemic Influenza Risk Management, 2017