Figure 3.

The scheme for the nPES exosomes enrichment and for membrane-mediated exosomes separation. (a) The anti-CD81 antibody is conjugated to the sensor chip surface to enrich the exosomes in the sample. Subsequently, it reacts with antibody-coated gold nanoparticle probes (GNPs) to form GNPs-exosome complexes. (b) When donor cells are modified with biotin, exosomes of origin can be specifically bound to magnetic nanoparticle-exosome complexes with streptavidin-coupled magnetic nanoparticle (SA-IONPs). The complexed-exosomes are separated and enriched from the sample with a magnetic field.