Table 2.
Demographic, clinical and laboratory data stratified by diabetic retinopathy type
| Variables | Present | Absent | p-Value | VTDR | Non VTDR | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N, (%) | 589 (35.8) | 1055 (64.2) | 198 (12.1) | 1446 (87.9) | ||
| Demographic data | ||||||
| Gender, female, n (%) | 343 (58.2) | 574 (54.4) | 0.1 | 114 (57.6) | 803 (55.5) | 0.5 |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 35.77 ± 11.56 | 26.86 ± 11.11 | < 0.001 | 37.35 ± 11.07 | 29.05 ± 11.84 | < 0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes, mean (SD), years | 20.26 ± 9.18 | 12.62 ± 8.15 | < 0.001 | 23.28 ± 9.02 | 14.25 ± 8.77 | < 0.001 |
| Years of formal education, mean (SD), years | 11.92 ± 4.22 | 12.43 ± 3.55 | 0.01 | 12.05 ± 4.22 | 12.27 ± 3.75 | 0.4 |
| Economic status, n (%) | ||||||
| High | 14 (2.4) | 35 (3.3) | 0.3 | 5 (2.5) | 44 (3.0) | 0.1 |
| Medium | 261 (44.3) | 484 (45.9) | 86 (43.4) | 659 (45.6) | ||
| Low | 289 (49.1) | 506 (48.0) | 95 (48.0) | 700 (48.4) | ||
| Very low | 25 (4.2) | 30 (2.8) | 12 (6.1) | 43 (3.0) | ||
| Clinical data | ||||||
| HbA1c mg/dl (%) | 9.27 (2.22) | 8.86 (2.04) | < 0.001 | 9.10 (2.06) | 8.99 (2.12) | 0.4 |
| HbA1c, mean (SD), mmol/mol | 77.84 ± 24.27 | 73.34 ± 22.33 | < 0.001 | 76.03 ± 22.53 | 74.8 ± 23.22 | 0.4 |
| Serum uric acid, mean (SD), mg/dL | 5.58 ± 2.09 | 4.81 ± 1.63 | < 0.001 | 6.09 ± 2.04 | 4.95 ± 1.77 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, yes, n (%) | 197 (33.4) | 91 (8.6) | < 0.001 | 85 (42.9) | 203 (14.1) | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mean (SD), mg/dL | 102.99 ± 76.59 | 121.98 ± 96.30 | < 0.001 | 122.46 ± 88.96 | 108.07 | 0.02 |
| HDL cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 57.84 ± 19.89 | 56.21 ± 18.63 | 0.1 | 54.50 ± 17.53 | 57.11 ± 19.29 | 0.56 |
| LDL cholesterol, mean (SD), md/dL | 111.90 ± 43.91 | 108.31 ± 38.98 | 0.09 | 113.37 ± 38.46 | 110.56 ± 41.28 | 0.3 |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 25.09 ± 4.69 | 23.65 ± 3.81 | < 0.001 | 25.00 ± 4.90 | 24.05 ± 4.08 | 0.01 |
| Macrovascular disease, yes n (%) | 39 (6.6) | 18 (1.7) | < 0.001 | 13 (6.6) | 44 (3.1) | 0.01 |
| Use of an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, yes, n (%) | 269 (45.7) | 168 (16.0) | < 0.001 | 112 (22.6) | 325 (56.6) | < 0.001 |
| Current smoker, yes, n (%) | 38 (6.5) | 48 (4.5) | 0.09 | 14 (7.1) | 72 (5.0) | 0.2 |
| Chronic kidney disease, yes, n (%) | 159 (27.4) | 105 (10.1) | < 0.001 | 83 (42.8) | 181 (12.7) | < 0.001 |
The data are presented as numbers (percentages) or means ± SD (standard deviation). The p value compares differences between the groups using Student’s t-test. BMI body mass index, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, LDL-c low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, VTDR vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy