Table 1.
Summary of artefacts in three-dimensional reconstructions.
| software | floating artefacts virtual versus real scene | attached artefacts | partial reconstructions | background issues | ghosts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMVS/ PMVS | 150 / 411 | few, thin layer of grass on synthetic tree branches | incomplete real tree, missing most of its upper half | tree and synthetic scene targets partially reconstructed | small pieces of real tree foliage reconstructed elsewhere |
| CMPMVS | 39 / 58 | few in synthetic scene. Large number of artefacts attached to the top of real trees | a few missing virtual tree branches | ground discontinuities | large sections of the synthetic tree reconstructed elsewhere in scene |
| MVE | 1 / 7 | sky attached on trees | large missing section in the upper middle of the real tree | object shape in real scene background deteriorates with distance | no ghosts |
| SURE | 127 / 18 | sky artefacts on upper parts of crowns, more pronounced in the real scene | complete tree reconstructions | practically no background in real scene | no ghosts |
| PhotoScan (lowest quality) | 93 / 54 | sky artefacts at the top of tree crown, larger in the real scene | complete tree reconstruction but hazy shape with hollow appearance | ground discontinuities, distorted background trees | no ghosts |
| PhotoScan (low quality) | 35 / 70 | small grass and sky artefacts on synthetic tree. Large sky artefacts in real scene | complete reconstruction of trees but somewhat hazy shape | ground discontinuities, distorted background trees | no ghosts |
| PhotoScan (medium quality) | 6 / 24 | thin layers of grass mixed in synthetic tree crown. Large upper crown artefact in real scene | complete reconstruction of trees | ground discontinuities | no ghosts |
| PhotoScan (high quality) | 3 / 27 | misplaced thin layers of grass and sky in synthetic scene. Small sky artefacts attached to upper parts of the real tree | complete reconstruction of trees except for selected branches | discontinuities in real scene ground. Missing parts of synthetic scene targets | no ghosts |
| PhotoScan (highest quality) | 0 / 29 | no synthetic scene artefacts, small layer of sky to the real scene tree | almost half of the synthetic tree is missing | discontinuities in real scene ground. Partially reconstructed ground. | no ghosts |