Table 2.
Secondary metabolites, global effects, and ethnodirected indication for malignant tumors of the studies using plant extracts for the treatment of melanoma in murine models.
| Author/year | Plant species | Native/exotic | Main secondary metabolites | Global effects | Ethnodirected indication for malignant tumors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kato et al., 1998 [19] | Bupleurum chinense, Pinellia ternata, Scutellaria baicalensis, Panax ginseng, Ziziphus jujuba, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Zingiber officinale | Native | Glycyrrhizin and ginsenoside (saponins), liquiritin (flavonoid), xanthones, terpenes, paeoniflorin, polysaccharides, and ferulic acid | Modulation of the immune system | Yes |
| Xiaoguang et al., 1998 [20] | Panax ginseng | Native | Baicalin and baicalein (flavonoids), glycyrrhizin, saikosaponin, and ginsenoside (saponins) | ↓ disordered replication Proapoptotic activity ↓ tissue invasion and metastasis |
Yes |
| Dai et al., 2001 [21] | Panax ginseng, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Polygalae tenuifolia, Cinnamomum verum, Rehmannia glutinosa, Paeonia lactiflora, Cnidium officinale, Atractylodes lancea, Angelica sinensis, and Poria cocos | Native | Ginsenoside (saponins) and polysaccharides | Modulation of the immune system | Yes |
| Nam et al., 2003 [22] | Ephedra sinica | Native | Flavonoids and limonoids (terpenes) | Modulation of the immune system | Yes |
| Baral and Chattopadhyay, 2004 [23] | Azadirachta indica | Native | Ephedrine (alkaloid) | Antiangiogenic and antiinvasive activities | Yes |
| Leyon and Kuttan, 2004 [24] | Tinospora cordifolia | Native | Alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, polysaccharides, terpenes, and phenolic compounds | Antiangiogenic activity Modulation of the immune system |
Yes |
| Yoo et al., 2004 [25] | Cordyceps militaris | Native | Nucleosides, polysaccharides, sterols, proteins, amino acids, and polypeptides | Antiangiogenic activity | Yes |
| Duong Von Huyen et al., 2006 [26] | Viscum album | Native | Lectins, phytotoxins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids | Modulation of the immune system | Yes |
| Jiménez-Medina et al., 2006 [27] | Calendula officinalis | Native | Flavonoids, carotenoids, triterpenes, and saponins | Cell cycle arrest Proapoptotic activity |
No |
| Sheeja et al., 2006 [28] | Andrographis paniculata | Native | Polyphenols, alkaloids, piperine, and rutin | Antiangiogenic activity Modulation of the immune system |
Yes |
| Sunila and Kutan, 2006 [29] | Piper longum Linn | Native | Flavonoids, terpenes (andrographolides), and phenylpropanoids | Antiangiogenic activity Modulation of the immune system |
Yes |
| Xu et al., 2006 [30] | Semen persicae, Carthamus tinctorius, Rehmannia glutinosa, Ligusticum chuanxiong, Paeonia lactiflora, and Angelica sinensis | Native | Licopen (carotenoid), flavonoids, and terpenes | Antioxidant activity | No |
| Agrawal et al., 2009 [31] | Solanum lycopersicum | Exotic | Flavonoids, fatty acids, and lectins | Antioxidant activity | No |
| Agrawal and Pandey, 2009 [32] | Bauhinia veriegata | Native | Melanine pigments, salts of metal ions and low-weight compounds, phenols, and betulin | ↓ disordered replication Proapoptotic activity |
No |
| Harhaji Trajković et al., 2009 [33] | Ganoderma lucidum | Native | Essential oils (cinnamic aldehyde and cinnamyl aldehyde), coumarins, and tannins | Antiangiogenic and antiinvasive activities Modulation of the immune system |
Yes |
| Kwon et al., 2009 [34] | Cinnamomum cassia | Native | Charantin, pectin, glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, reducing sugars, resins, phenolic compounds, fixed oil, and free acids | Proapoptotic activity | Yes |
| Youn et al., 2009 [35] | Inonotus obliquus | Native | Essential oils (cinnamic aldehyde and cinnamyl aldehyde) and tannins | Proapoptotic activity | Yes |
| Agrawal and Beohar, 2010 [36] | Momordica charantia | Native | β-Glucan, lignins, and phenolics | Antioxidant activity | Yes |
| Kwon et al., 2010 [37] | Cinnamomum cassia | Native | Polyphenols, luteolin, apigenin, kaempferol, and coumarins | ↓ tissue invasion and metastasis | Yes |
| Seki and Maeda, 2010 [38] | Sasa senanesis | Native | Flavonoids, sterols, and isothiocyanates | Antiangiogenic activity | Yes |
| Wang, et al., 2010 [39] | Solanum nigrum Linn | Native | Saponins, flavonoids, terpenes, and tannins | Antioxidant activity | Yes |
| Khoobchandani et al., 2011 [40] | Eruca sativa | Native | 4-Pyrrolidinyl, pyrazole, ketone derivatives and thiazolidine-diones, flavonoids, tannins, catechin, anthroquinone, and phenolic groups | Modulation of the immune system Antioxidant activity |
No |
| Monga et al., 2011 [41] | Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum gratissimum, Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum canum, and Ocimum kilimanscharicum | Native | Shikonin derivatives (naphtoquinones) | Cell cycle arrest Proapoptotic activity |
Yes |
| Prabhu and Guruvayoorappan, 2012 [42] | Rhizophora apiculata | Native | Polyphenols, vitamin C, β carotene, flavonoids, and tannins, (6)-gingerol | Proapoptotic activity Antioxidant activity |
No |
| Rajasekar et al., 2012 [43] | Lithospermum erythrorhizon | Native | Saponins, vanillin, lupeol, and pectic polysaccharides | ↓ tissue invasion and metastasis Modulation of the immune system Antioxidant activity |
Yes |
| De Oliveira et al., 2013 [44] | Synadenium grantii Hook F. | Native | Visco lectins (terpenes and oleanolic acid) | Proapoptotic activity Antiangiogenic activity |
Yes |
| Lee et al., 2013 [45] | Zingiber officinale | Native | Terpenes and polysaccharides | ↓ disordered replication Proapoptotic activity Antioxidant activity |
Yes |
| Shathish and Guruvayoorappan, 2013 [46] | Decalepis hamiltonii | Native | Tannins, polyphenols, and flavonoids (epigallocatechin gallate) | Modulation of the immune system Antioxidant activity |
No |
| Strüh et al., 2013 [47] | Viscum album | Native | Sibiricoses and steroidal glycosides | Proapoptotic activity | Yes |
| Krifa et al., 2014 [48] | Limoniastrum guyonianum | Native | Terpenoids, β-glucan, peptides, polysaccharides, organic acids, terpenes, mevinol, saponins, and steroids | Proapoptotic activity Cell cycle arrest |
No |
| Son et al., 2014 [49] | Cynanchum atratum | Native | Phenolic compounds, pyrogallol, gallic acid, and β-sitosterol | ↓ disordered replication ↓ tissue invasion and metastasis Modulation of the immune system |
Yes |
| Wang et al., 2014 [50] | Pleurotus ferulae | Native | Ginsenosides (saponins) and polysaccharides | Modulation of the immune system | Yes |
| Dudek et al., 2015 [51] | Rhodiola crenulata | Native | Quinochalones, flavonoids, alkaloids, polyacetylene, aromatic glucosides, organic acids, paeoniflorin (terpen), amygdalin, polysaccharides, Z-ligustilide, and ferulic acid | Antiangiogenic activity | No |
| Jang et al., 2015 [52] | Panax ginseng | Native | Terpenes, steroids, cumarins, tannins, anthraquinones, and saponins | Proapoptotic activity Cell cycle arrest Modulation of the immune system |
Yes |
| Bao et al., 2017 [53] | Forsythia suspensa Thunb. | Native | Pholyphenols (forsythosides) and pinoresinol (lignan) | Modulation of the immune system | No |