Effects of MEPH, 4 MM, and MeCa ± L-DOPA, PARG, or METH on striatal GFAP immunoreactivity. Levels of GFAP immunofluorescence (mean + SEM) are shown in the upper panels (arbitrary units) for 4 MM (A), MeCa (B) and MEPH (C) + SEMs. Representative photomicrographs (20X) of each treatment condition stained against GFAP (green) and DAPI (counterstain; blue) are shown in the lower panels (D). *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01 ***p < 0.001 ****p < 0.0001 compared to controls. #p < 0.05 ####p < 0.0001 compared to MEPH/4MM/ MeCa. @ p < 0.05 @@ p < 0.01 denotes comparison to METH. Data are presented as mean + SEM. N = 3–5 mice per group.