Table 2.
Summary of group effects across task.
| Test | Unilateral dorsiflexion | Bilateral dorsiflexion | Unilateral hip flexion | Unilateral cycling | Bilateral cycling |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group comparisons HbT | |||||
| TD compared to GMFCS I | q < 0.001⁎ | q < 0.001⁎ | q < 0.001⁎ | q < 0.001⁎ | q < 0.001⁎ |
| TD compared to GMFCS II | q = 0.183 | q < 0.001⁎ | q < 0.001⁎ | q < 0.001⁎ | q < 0.001⁎ |
| TD compared to GMFCS III | q < 0.001⁎ | q < 0.001⁎ | q < 0.001⁎ | q < 0.001⁎ | q < 0.001⁎ |
| GMFCS I compared to GMFCS II | q = 0.051 | q = 0.544 | q = 0.740 | q = 0.081 | q = 0.673 |
| GMFCS I compared to GMFCS III | q < 0.001⁎ | q < 0.001⁎ | q < 0.001⁎ | q < 0.001⁎ | q < 0.001⁎ |
| GMFCS II compared to GMFCS III | q < 0.001⁎ | q < 0.001⁎ | q < 0.001⁎ | q < 0.001⁎ | q < 0.001⁎ |
| Active fNIRS channels | F=7.10, p=0.002⁎ | F=1.42, p=0.263 | F=2.50, p=0.095 | F=3.85, p=0.024⁎ | F=1.44, p=0.257 |
| Sum of beta values | F=8.69, p=0.001⁎ | F=7.56, p=0.001⁎ | F=3.10, p=0.054 | F=15.24, p<0.001⁎ | F=12.06, p<0.001⁎ |
| EMG mirroring correlations |
d-TA and n-TA |
d-TA and n-TA |
d-RF and n-RF |
d-RF and n-RF |
d-RF and n-RF |
| F=8.29, p=0.001⁎ | F=0.07, p=0.976 | F=7.88, p=0.001⁎ | F=6.94, p=0.002⁎ | F=15.37, p<0.001⁎ | |
|
d-VL and n-VL |
|||||
| F=13.45, p<0.001⁎ |
|||||
| EMG co-contraction correlations |
n-TA and n-MG |
n-TA and n-MG |
n-RF and n-SM |
n-RF and n-SM |
n-RF and n-SM |
| F = 1.26, p = 0.310 | F = 0.36, p = 0.786 | F = 4.21, p = 0.019⁎ | F = 3.17, p = 0.042⁎ | F = 6.35, p = 0.003⁎ | |
|
d-TA and d-MG |
d-RF and d-SM |
||||
| F = 0.48, p = 0.702 |
F = 10.94, p < 0.001⁎ |
||||
| EMG synergy correlations |
n-TA and n-SM |
n-TA and n-SM |
n-RF n-TA |
n-RF and n-MG |
n-TA and n-SM |
| F = 6.74, p = 0.002⁎ | F = 7.54, p = 0.001⁎ | F = 10.37, p < 0.001⁎ | F = 5.21, p = 0.007⁎ | F = 2.28, p = 0.107 | |
|
d-TA and d-SM |
d-TA and d-SM |
||||
| F = 12.40, p < 0.001⁎ | F = 4.53, p = 0.013⁎ | ||||
|
n-RF and n-MG |
|||||
| F = 15.13, p < 0.001⁎ | |||||
|
d-RF and d-MG |
|||||
| F = 12.75, p < 0.001⁎ |
|||||
| Correlation: active fNIRS and active EMG channels | r = 0.47, p = 0.019⁎ | r = 0.47, p = 0.016⁎ | r = 0.31, p = 0.183 | r = 0.25, p = 0.221 | r = 0.41, p = 0.040⁎ |
| Correlation: sum of fNIRS beta and active EMG channels | r = 0.54, p = 0.004⁎ | r = 0.51, p = 0.009⁎ | r = 0.47, p = 0.031⁎ | r = 0.38, p = 0.061 | r = 0.37, p = 0.061 |
HbT = Total hemoglobin; TD = typical development; GMFCS = Gross Motor Function Classification System; EMG mirroring = activation of the same muscle on the contralateral side; co-contraction = activation of agonist and antagonist concurrently; synergy = simultaneous activity in muscles of hip flexion, knee flexion, and dorsiflexion; n = non-dominant; d = dominant; RF = rectus femoris; TA = tibialis anterior; MG = medial gastrocnemius; SM = semimebranosus.
⁎
indicates q < 0.05 or p < 0.05.