Table 7.

Comparison of ICC estimates of urinary BPA concentrations in non-occupationally exposed adults worldwide.

Country	Study year	Gender	Na	Sampling methodology	Sample type	ICC			Reference
						ng/mL	ng/mL- SG	ng/mg
Belgium	2012	Men & women	8	All voids over four (baseline) days	Spot	0.15	–	0.26	Koch et al. (2014)
					24-h	0.15	–	0.28
Canada	2009–2010	Women	80	Two spot & two 24-h samples during pregnancy & one spot post-partum	Spot	0.06	0.05	–	Fisher et al. (2015)
					24-hb	0.32	0.32	–
China	1997–2006	Men & women	100	Three spot samples between 0 and 9 years apart	Spot (M)c	0.32	–	0.25	Engel et al. (2014)
					Spot (F)	0.07	–	0.13
Denmark	2008	Men	33	Two spot, three FMV, & three 24-h samples over three months	FMV	0.10	–	–	Lassen et al. (2013)
					Spot	0.42	–	–
					24-h	0.26	–	0.26
Netherlands	2004–2006	Women	80	Three spot samples during pregnancy	Spot	0.32	–	0.31	Jusko et al. (2014)
Norway	2007–2008	Women	30	Three spot samples during pregnancy	Spot	0.36	–	0.13	Guidry et al. (2015)
Puerto Rico	2010–2012	Women	105	Three spot samples during pregnancy	Spot	0.27	0.24	–	Meeker et al. (2013)
United States	1996–2001	Women	80	Two FMVs between 1 and 3 yrs. apart	FMV	–	–	0.15	Townsend et al. (2013)
United States	2003–2006	Women	389	Two spot samples during pregnancy & one after birth	Spot	0.25	–	0.10	Braun et al. (2011)
United States	2004–2009	Women	137	Two or more spot samples before and during pregnancy	Spot	–	0.23e	–	Braun et al. (2012)
United States	2005–2007	Women	143	Three to five spot samples over two months	Spot	0.04	–	0.04	Pollack et al. (2016)
United States	2005–2008	Women	71	Three spot samples during pregnancy	Spot	0.23	0.11	0.14	Philippat et al. (2013)
United States	1992–2007d	Women	90	Two to three FMVs 1 and 3 yrs. apart	FMV	0.09	–	–f	Reeves et al. (2014)
United States	2012	Men & women	83	Seven FMVs for one week (males)	FMV	0.15	–	–	Cox et al. (2016)
				14–18 FMVs for two weeks (females)	FMV
United Statesg	2009–2011	Men & women	50	Six spots (FMVs and bedtime) & six 24-h samples over a six-week period	FMV	0.09	0.09	0.12	This study
					Bedtime	0.17	0.25	0.28
					24-h	0.17	0.22	0.24

^aNumber of adults.

^bCombined data for samples collected on both weekdays and weekends.

^cData for 50 males (M) and 50 female (F) reported separately.

^dThese data are from the Women Health Initiative conducted between 1992 and 2007. Data were taken on year 1 and 3 to compare urine data results.

^eBefore pregnancy samples, only.

^fAuthors reported similar ICCs estimates for creatinine-adjusted values as unadjusted values (ICC = 0.09) in this study, but actual data not provided.

^gData shown for only ICC estimates over six-weeks, only.