a. The panels present the beneficial effects of metformin vs. insulin in women with gestational diabetes that indicate a reduction in: 1) maternal weight gain during pregnancy; 2) gestational hypertension. Reproduced with permission from Gui J, Liu Q, Feng L. Metformin vs insulin in the management of gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013 May 27; 8:e64585.
b. The panels present the beneficial effects of metformin vs. insulin in women with gestational diabetes that indicate a reduction in: 1) neonatal hypoglycemia; 2) large-for-gestational-age neonates; and 3) admissions to the neonatal intensive care unit.Reproduced with permission from Butalia S, Gutierrez L, Lodha A, Aitken E, Zakariasen A, Donovan L. Short- and long-term outcomes of metformin compared with insulin alone in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2017; 34:27-36.
(Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; IV, inverse variance; M-H, Mantel-Haenszel).