TABLE 3—

Bivariate Associations Between Covariates and Education and Employment Outcomes: Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, United Kingdom, 1999–2001 and 2012–2014

Covariates	Poor Educational Qualifications, OR (95% CI)	NEET, OR (95% CI)
Physical maltreatment	2.18 (1.65, 2.88)	2.01 (1.45, 2.79)
Male	1.46 (1.13, 1.88)	0.90 (0.65, 1.24)
Socioeconomic status
High (Ref)	1	1
Moderate	3.76 (2.53, 5.57)	1.41 (0.84, 2.37)
Low	8.95 (6.15, 13.02)	5.47 (3.51, 8.51)
Youth IQ	0.94 (0.93, 0.95)	0.96 (0.95, 0.97)
Maternal depression	1.30 (1.00, 1.68)	1.31 (0.94, 1.81)
Parental antisocial personality	1.78 (1.36, 2.33)	1.57 (1.12, 2.19)
Parental substance problems	2.05 (1.56, 2.69)	1.73 (1.23, 2.43)
Count of youth mental health problems, age 12 y	2.15 (1.89, 2.43)	1.71 (1.49, 1.97)
Adult involvement	0.89 (0.86, 0.91)	0.93 (0.90, 0.96)
Neighborhood poverty	2.41 (1.87, 3.12)	2.50 (1.80, 3.48)

Note. CI = confidence interval; NEET = not in education, employment, or training; OR = odds ratio.