TABLE 1—
Characteristics of Study Sample in Rural Iowa: 1989–1994
| Characteristic | Mean (SD) or % |
| Maternal age, y | 37.70 (4.10) |
| Paternal age, y | 39.70 (4.90) |
| Maternal educational attainment | 13.40 (2.90) |
| Paternal educational attainment | 13.50 (2.10) |
| Family per capita income | 7.94 (5.65) |
| Parent alcohol problems (scale 1–4) | 4.24 (0.47) |
| Parent neuroticism (scale 1–5) | 2.58 (0.41) |
| Adolescent G1 mother | 6.0 |
| G2 major health problems as infant | 11.5 |
| G2 is a girl | 52.0 |
| G2 age, y | 13.20 (0.42) |
| G2 is White | 100.0 |
| Community characteristics (block group level) | |
| Low socioeconomic status | 6.42 (3.07) |
| Population density (people per mi2) | 227.93 (493.49) |
| Perceived lack of community services (scale 1–4) | 3.09 (0.29) |
| Perceived community social cohesion (scale 1–4) | 3.00 (0.27) |
| Alcohol vendor density (vendors per km2) | 4.13 (7.76) |
| No. ACEs | |
| G1 mother | 1.53 (1.79) |
| G1 father | 1.12 (1.42) |
| G2 adolescent | 2.21 (1.38) |
Note. ACEs = adverse childhood experiences; G1 = first generation; G2 = second generation. Sample size was n = 451. G1 ACE scores are not directly comparable with G2 ACE scores.