Table 1.
Child, Caregiver and Family characteristics at Study Entry by Site
| Characteristic | Joburg (N=69) |
Soweto (N=100) |
Tygerberg (N=140) |
Malawi (N=81) |
Uganda (N=89) |
Zimbabwe (N=132) |
Total (N=611) |
P-Valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Design Characteristics | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Cohortb | HIV | 27 (39%) | 42 (42%) | 56 (40%) | 33 (41%) | 37 (42%) | 51 (39%) | 246 (40%) | 1.000 |
| HEU | 21 (30%) | 29 (29%) | 42 (30%) | 24 (30%) | 26 (29%) | 41 (31%) | 183 (30%) | ||
| HU | 21 (30%) | 29 (29%) | 42 (30%) | 24 (30%) | 26 (29%) | 40 (30%) | 182 (30%) | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Child Characteristics | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Sex | Male | 32 (46%) | 50 (50%) | 65 (46%) | 43 (53%) | 49 (55%) | 51 (39%) | 290 (47%) | 0.182 |
| Race | Black African | 69 (100%) | 100 (100%) | 97 (69%) | 81 (100%) | 89 (100%) | 132 (100%) | 568 (93%) | <.001 |
| Coloured/White/Other | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 43 (31%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 43 (7%) | ||
| Age (years) | Mean (s.d.) | 8.0 (1.6) | 7.9 (1.3) | 7.4 (1.3) | 6.6 (0.9) | 6.7 (1.2) | 6.8 (1.4) | 7.2 (1.4) | <.001 |
| <6 yrs | 8 (12%) | 8 (8%) | 11 (8%) | 18 (22%) | 22 (25%) | 45 (34%) | 112 (18%) | <.001 | |
| 6–<7 yrs | 12 (17%) | 21 (21%) | 58 (41%) | 44 (54%) | 37 (42%) | 39 (30%) | 211 (35%) | ||
| >=7 yrs | 49 (71%) | 71 (71%) | 71 (51%) | 19 (23%) | 30 (34%) | 48 (36%) | 288 (47%) | ||
| In school at time of KABC test | 58 (84%) | 84 (86%) | 94 (71%) | 55 (77%) | 41 (46%) | 74 (57%) | 406 (69%) | <.001 | |
| Unknown/NA | 0 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 0 | 3 | 23 | ||
| WHO weight z-score | Mean (s.d.) | −0.31 (1.11) | −0.19 (1.09) | −0.18 (1.06) | −1.14 (0.76) | −0.52 (0.83) | −0.48 (0.87) | −0.44 (1.01) | <.001 |
| WHO height z-score | Mean (s.d.) | −0.64 (1.04) | −0.57 (1.05) | −0.38 (0.95) | −1.55 (0.98) | −0.83 (0.96) | −0.38 (1.00) | −0.66 (1.06) | <.001 |
| WHO BMI z-score | Mean (s.d.) | 0.08 (0.91) | 0.19 (1.04) | 0.05 (0.99) | −0.20 (0.73) | 0.01 (0.82) | −0.40 (1.02) | −0.06 (0.96) | <.001 |
| MICS disability score | Mean (s.d.) | 3.77 (6.21) | 4.60 (9.37) | 4.29 (8.49) | 5.31 (10.01) | 10.56 (11.52) | 5.76 (8.02) | 5.65 (9.25) | <.001 |
| MICS development score | Mean (s.d.) | 76.35 (12.23) | 84.09 (10.89) | 86.28 (12.16) | 50.42 (13.92) | 69.25 (15.14) | 73.17 (13.13) | 74.73 (17.14) | <.001 |
|
| |||||||||
| Caregiver Characteristics | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Caregiver is biological mother | 66 (96%) | 92 (92%) | 137 (98%) | 75 (93%) | 80 (90%) | 122 (92%) | 572 (94%) | 0.18 | |
| Cgv for 5 or more years | 61 (88%) | 92 (92%) | 137 (98%) | 74 (91%) | 79 (89%) | 120 (91%) | 563 (92%) | 0.09 | |
| HIV Status of primary caregiver | HIV-uninfected | 21 (31%) | 29 (30%) | 43 (31%) | 28 (35%) | 31 (35%) | 41 (31%) | 193 (32%) | 0.96 |
| HIV-infected | 47 (69%) | 67 (70%) | 97 (69%) | 53 (65%) | 57 (65%) | 91 (69%) | 412 (68%) | ||
| Not reported | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Socioeconomic Characteristics | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Current residential zone | Rural | 7 (10%) | 3 (3%) | 1 (1%) | 34 (42%) | 25 (28%) | 39 (30%) | 109 (18%) | <.001 |
| Peri-urban | 30 (43%) | 10 (10%) | 138 (99%) | 27 (33%) | 60 (67%) | 3 (2%) | 268 (44%) | ||
| Urban | 32 (46%) | 87 (87%) | 1 (1%) | 20 (25%) | 4 (4%) | 90 (68%) | 234 (38%) | ||
| Major income source | Mother | 24 (35%) | 22 (22%) | 28 (20%) | 30 (37%) | 45 (51%) | 34 (26%) | 183 (30%) | <.001 |
| Father | 16 (23%) | 10 (10%) | 49 (35%) | 43 (53%) | 36 (40%) | 81 (61%) | 235 (39%) | ||
| Social grant | 23 (33%) | 64 (65%) | 43 (31%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 130 (21%) | ||
| Other person/source | 6 (9%) | 3 (3%) | 20 (14%) | 8 (10%) | 8 (9%) | 17 (13%) | 62 (10%) | ||
| Missing | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Socio-economic indexd | Median (Q1, Q3) | 7.1 (5.7, 8.3) | 5.7 (5.7, 7.1) | 6.4 (5.0, 8.6) | 3.0 (2.4, 3.9) | 5.8 (4.5, 6.8) | 6.2 (4.6, 7.6) | 6.0 (4.6, 7.6) | <.001c |
a
Unless indicated, differences among sites for categorical measures are tested using the Chi-Square test and for continuous measures, using the analysis of variance.
b
HIV=HIV-infected; HEU=HIV-exposed, uninfected; HU=HIV-unexposed, uninfected
c
Kruskal-Wallis Test
d
The socio-economic index is a composite of caregiver education, fuel and water sources, sufficiency of household income for basic needs, caregiver education and work status, major source of income and whether household has a refrigerator. Values range from 0–10.