Figure 8. Effect of 1PAT on host immune responses.

(A) Fecal IgA levels in male and female NOD mice in 1PAT or control groups from P28 to P70, as determined by ELISA. Statistical significance, comparing 1PAT and control (n = 20–25 samples per group) was determined by the Mann Whitney test. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001. (B) Flow cytometric analysis of immune cells of P42 NOD mice. 1PAT treatment significantly increased proportions of splenic memory T cells (both CD4⁺ CD62L⁺ and CD8⁺ CD62L⁺ cells) and B cells, especially in females (data not shown), and increased the proportion of B cells in the pancreas (in both males and females). Statistical significance, comparing 1PAT and control (n = 10–12 samples per group) was determined by the unpaired T test. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.