Table 3. Effects of mHealth interventions on proximal and distal outcomes of self-management.

Bold is defined as non-randomized controlled trial and underline is defined as randomized controlled trial.

PROM: patient reported outcome measure, HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c, FPG: fasting plasma glucose, PP2: 2-hour postprandial glucose, BMI: body mass index, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, FVC: forced vital capacity, ACT: asthma control test, QoL: quality of life.