Table 3.

Clinical studies: failure rate and a brief conclusion per study

Study	Technique	Failures	Brief conclusion
Bieri et al. [31]	DIS	5 DIS and 4 ACLR revisions due to traumatic re-injuries and one DIS revision due to chronic instability.	Acceptable treatment option for ACL rupture
Büchler et al. [38]	DIS	Three re-ruptures during the first postoperative year.	Low re-rupture rate, satisfactory functional recovery.
Eggli et al. [39]	DIS	Two re-ruptures at 5 months and 4.2 years after surgery.	Excellent outcomes and satisfaction of patients.
Evangelopoulos et al. [40]	DIS	Re-rupture with subsequent instability in 6 patients without collagen application, and extension loss in 11 patients.	Additional application of a collagen membrane on ACL superior to solitary DIS.
Kösters et al. [41]	DIS	-One traumatic re-rupture. -Two removals of the monoblock and arthroscopic arthrolysis due to restricted RoM.	DIS with microfracturing of notch could biomechanically and biologically promote self-healing of a ruptured ACL.
Henle et al. [20]	DIS	Eight re-ruptures of the ACL, 3 mechanical insufficiencies.	DIS with anatomical repositioning and microfracturing, resulted in clinically stable healing.
Murray et al. [32]	BEAR	No differences in effusion or pain, no failures by Lachman examination criteria.	Low rate of adverse reactions.
Smith et al. [33]	Internal brace	None	Satisfactory alternative to ACL reconstruction, where an adequate ACL remnant allows direct repair.
Achtnich et al. [34]	Suture anchors primary ACL repair	The failure rate was 15% in the ACL re-fixation group and 0% in the reconstruction group.	Re-fixation of the ACL is a feasible option in selected patients.
DiFelice et al. [42]	Suture anchors primary ACL repair	None	Short-term clinical success in carefully selected patients with proximal avulsion-type tears and excellent tissue quality.

DIS dynamic intraligamentary stabilization, BEAR bridge-enhanced ACL repair, ACL anterior cruciate ligament, ACLR anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, RoM Range of Motion