Table 1.
The effect of different pre-treatment groups on indomethacin- and ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats
| Ulcer model | Groups | Ulcer index | Protection (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indomethacin-induced | Ulcer control | 1.26 ± 0.83 | – |
| Omeprazole | 0.03 ± 0.03*** | 97.52 | |
| EM | 0.30 ± 0.23* | 76.34 | |
| KSO | 1.22 ± 0.45 | 3.42 | |
| KSOM | 0.23 ± 0.16* | 81.55 | |
| KSON | 0.07 ± 0.04*** | 94.33 | |
| Ethanol-induced | Ulcer control | 39.38 ± 7.94 | – |
| Omeprazole | 7.82 ± 4.90*** | 80.15 | |
| EM | 23.43 ± 12.04 | 40.50 | |
| KSO | 19.80 ± 17.52* | 49.73 | |
| KSOM | 5.99 ± 2.69*** | 84.78 | |
| KSON | 1.99 ± 1.21*** | 94.95 |
Values are expressed as mean ± S.D. (n = 5) Statistical comparison was determined by One-Way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison tests
Percentage is calculated as compared to ulcer control group
EM emulsifier mixture, KSO, kenaf seed oil, KSOM kenaf seed oil-in-water macroemulsions, KSON kenaf seed oil-in-water nanoemulsions
*p < 0.05 statistically significant compared to the ulcer control group
***p < 0.001 statistically significant compared to the ulcer control group