Table 1.

Summary of studies relating activity to disease prevalence or progression for various ocular conditions

Disease group	Method of PA measurement	Parameters examined	Study findings
Glaucoma	Accelerometers	VF loss and PA levels	• Presence or severity of VF loss was associated with less PA [34, 58] • Association not the result of fear of falling [27]
	Self-report questionnaire/IOP measurements	Patients are grouped based on reported level of PA. PA-IOP associations were tested using logistic regression	• Runners with a faster pace and longer running distances had lower risk for participant-reported, physician-diagnosed glaucoma [58] • Association between lower PA levels and lower OPP, a risk factor for OAG development, suggesting increase in PA reduces glaucoma risk [64, 65] • Intense exercise may affect IOP [72, 73] but light PA may be beneficial to glaucoma patients [74, 75]
AMD	Accelerometers	AMD development and amount of time spent in MVPA	• Late AMD is associated with significantly less time spent in MVPA [52, 75].
	Self-reported PA	AMD development and progression/fundus photograph	• Active lifestyle/PA reduced risk of AMD development [77, 82] • Increase in PA decreased risk of AMD progression [83]
DR	Accelerometers	PA and nonproliferative DR	• Modest amounts of PA associated with lower likelihood of moderate/severe nonproliferative DR [91].
	Self-reported PA/CRAE and CRVE	PA and retinal vascular caliber	• Low PA is associated with wider CRVE and could contribute to increase risk of DR [87–89]

AMD age-related macular degeneration, CRAE central retinal arteriolar equivalent, CRVE central retinal venular equivalent, DR diabetic retinopathy, MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity, OPP ocular perfusion pressure, OAG open-angle glaucoma, VF visual field