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. 2018 Aug 9;8:11947. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29853-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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DFT densities of states of α-cristobalite (001), α-quartz (001), stishovite (100) and (110), and bulk silica structures. Black lines represent total DOS, while O-p states, which make the main contribution to valence states, are highlighted by blue color. Cleaved surfaces of cristobalite and quartz possess O-p peaks at the Fermi level, while “dense surfaces” of all mentioned polymorphs have electronic structures close to corresponding bulk structures.