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. 2018 Aug 9;8:11899. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30453-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Current oscillations of voltage-clamped MT bundles. (a) Left. Representative tracings showing the oscillatory electrical behavior of an MT bundle at different holding potentials in symmetrical KCl. Middle. Linear-linear detail of Fourier power spectra obtained from unfiltered current tracings shown on the left, indicating a fundamental frequency of 39 Hz. No peak is observed at zero mV but instead appears a prominent 50 Hz signal due to line contamination. Right. 3D phase-space portraits showing monoperiodic limit cycles. Delay time for first and second derivatives adopted for phase portraits was 1 ms. (b) Left. Tracing showing the transition between non-chaotic and chaotic behavior, without any changes in driving forces. The chaotic (Middle) and non chaotic (Right) behaviors are shown in the 3D phase portrait. (c) Current oscillations under symmetrical KCl conditions were also obtained at instantaneous holding potentials applied from two-ms ramps between ± 20 mV, showing either linear (Top Panel) or both inwardly and outwardly rectifying properties in the same patch (Middle and Bottom panels, respectively). (d) The current-to-voltage relationships obtained from integrated, mean currents of individual experiments were highly linear (Left). However, longer time series elicited both strong inward and outward rectifications without any changes in driving forces (Right).