Table 1.
KISS1/KISS1R expression in patient tumors.
| Type of cancer | Clinical evidence: KISS1/KISS1R expression and plasma kisspeptin levels | Sample size | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Breast cancer | Increased KISS1 mRNA and protein in primary breast tumors and lymph node metastasis. | normal: 33 Tumor: 124 |
(34) |
| Increased KISS1 mRNA with the grade of the breast tumors; ERα-positive breast tumors; expressed sevenfold less KISS1 than ERα-negative breast tumors. | Tumor: 92 | (23) | |
| Increased KISS1/KISS1R protein vs. Control | Non-tumor: 11 (fibrocystic disease) Tumor: 43 resected breast adenocarcinomas | (35) | |
| KISS1 protein expression is positively associated with lymph node positive status. | Breast tumor microarray (n = 48) |
(25) | |
| Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) | Increased KISS1/KISS1R mRNA and protein in primary TNBC tumors compared to healthy breast. | Healthy: 13 TNBC: 20 |
(19) |
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) | Increased KISS1R mRNA expression in HCC vs. normal; no change in KISS1 levels. | Normal: 8 HCC: 60 |
(33) |
| KP-54 immunoreactivity associated with tumor grade, stage, poor prognosis | Normal: 10 HCC: 142 |
(36) | |
| Lower KISS-1 protein in HCC vs. normal. | Normal: 16 HCC: 150 patients |
(37) | |
| Pancreatic Cancer | High level of KP-54/KISS1R immunostaining associated with longer survival. | Tumors: 53 Normal: not reported |
(38) |
| Lower KISS1 mRNA in pancreatic cancer tissue vs. control. Higher KISS1R expression in pancreatic tumors vs. matched controls. | Adjacent normal: 5 Tumors: 30 |
(8) | |
| Colorectal Cancer (CRC) | Decreased KISS1 expression associated with lymph node metastasis and poorer prognosis. | CRC:175 | (5) |
| Decreased expression of KISS1/KISS1R in tumor tissues compared with normal. | Normal: 80 CRC: 94 |
(6) | |
| Mean KP-54 (CRC): 86.2 ± 20.5 ng/ml; Mean KP-54 (control) patients: 49 ± 12.7 ng/ml | Controls: 59 CRC: 81 |
(39) | |
| Decreased KISS1 mRNA expression and KP-54 protein expression - increased depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis. | Normal: 142 CRC: 126 |
(7) | |
| Bladder Cancer | KISS1 was found to be hypermethylated in ~83% of tumors, epigenetic-induced loss of KISS1 expression associated with poor survival | 804 primary bladder tumors | (2) |
| Decreased or lost KISS1 expression in invasive bladder tumors (n = 173) vs. controls | Normal urothelium: 25 Tumors: 173 |
(40) | |
| Renal cell Carcinoma (RCC) | Higher KISS1R mRNA in RCC compared to non-neoplastic renal cortex | Non-neoplastic: 25 Tumors: 25 |
(41) |
| Ovarian Carcinoma | Lower KISS1 immunostaining in primary epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) biopsies vs. control; patients with KISS1-negative tissues had a lower survival rate vs. to KISS1-positive patients | EOC: 207 Control: 60 |
(42) |
| Favorable prognosis and overall survival associated with KISS1 and KISS1R immunoreactivity | Ovarian carcinomas tissue microarray: 518 | (4) | |
| Median plasma kisspeptin: stage 1(n = 9): 17.4 pmol/L, stages 2-4 (n = 23): 7.8 pmol/L, control: 11.4 pmol/L |
Cancer patients: 31 Healthy volunteers: 31 |
(43) |
Changes in the expression of KISS1/KISS1R transcripts, protein and circulating kisspeptins in cancer patients compared to healthy subjects.