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. 2018 Aug 3;9:1733. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01733

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Copyright © 2018 Hsieh, Huang, Hsieh, Zheng, Lin, Chiang-Ni, Tsai, Wang, Liu and Wu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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NADase depletes intracellular NAD⁺ content within infected endothelial cells. (A) The intracellular NAD⁺ content in endothelial cells after infection with NZ131 or the nga mutant. Intracellular NAD⁺ was extracted from GAS-infected HMEC-1 cells during infection and the content was analyzed by a NAD⁺/NADH quantification kit. (B) The NAD⁺/NADH ratio in endothelial cells after infection with NZ131 or the nga mutant. The NAD⁺/NADH ratio of cell lysates was calculated following a formula: [(NAD_total – NADH)/NADH]. (C) The cell viability of infected cells was analyzed by metabolic activity of mitochondria using the MTS assay. The data represent the means ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. ^∗p < 0.05; ^∗∗p < 0.01; ^∗∗∗p < 0.001 (two-way ANOVA).