Table 2.
Pilot experiment outcome variables.
| Outcome | Gamified (n=11), mean (SD) | Nongamified (n=8), mean (SD) | Total (N=19), mean (SD) | Effect size (d) | F1,17 | P value | Bootstrapped 95% CI of mean difference |
| Positive affect | 36.00 (6.01) | 34.25 (2.71) | 35.26 (4.87) | 0.38 | 0.583 | .46 | −5.86 to 3.15 |
| PIIa | 4.78 (1.16) | 5.38 (1.10) | 5.03 (1.14) | −0.53 | 1.271 | .28 | -0.53 to 1.60 |
| IMI-Eb | 4.81 (1.23) | 5.66 (1.17) | 5.17 (1.25) | −0.71 | 2.341 | .14 | −0.36 to 1.91 |
| PPL-FSQc | 3.61 (0.36) | 3.77 (0.45) | 3.68 (0.39) | −0.39 | 0.748 | .40 | −0.18 to 0.57 |
| Satisfaction | 7.55 (1.21) | 8.25 (1.58) | 7.84 (1.34) | −0.50 | 1.213 | .29 | −0.64 to 1.94 |
| Number of exercises | 7.55 (7.97) | 3.63 (1.19) | 5.89 (6.31) | 0.69 | 1.877 | .19 | −8.92 to 0.21 |
| Number of words | 261.90 (271.21)d | 205.00 (73.59) | 236.61 (204.98) | 0.29 | 0.329 | .57 | −244.10 to 74.79 |
| Time | 25.18 (11.94) | 32.00 (7.45) | 28.05 (10.62) | −0.69 | 2.018 | .17 | −2.38 to 15.97 |
aPII: Personal Involvement Inventory.
bIMI-E: Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, subscale Enjoyment.
cPPL-FSQ: Flow State Questionnaire of the Positive Psychology Lab.
dBased on n=10.