Table 3.
Real-life experiment outcome variables.
| Outcome | Gamified (n=39), mean (SD) | Nongamified (n=36), mean (SD) | Total (N=75), mean (SD) | Effect size (d) | F1,73 | P value | |
| Positive affect | 33.67 (5.47) | 31.08 (7.19) | 32.43 (6.44) | 0.41 | 3.094 | .08 | |
| PIIa | 4.82 (1.06) | 4.18 (1.25) | 4.51 (1.19) | 0.55 | 5.919 | .02 | |
| IMI-Eb | 4.71 (1.20) | 4.17 (1.41) | 4.45 (1.33) | 0.41 | 3.156 | .08 | |
| PPL-FSQc | 3.54 (0.44) | 3.32 (0.45) | 3.44 (0.45) | 0.49 | 4.626 | .04 | |
| SUSd | 43.59 (14.89) | 45.76 (21.49) | 44.63 (18.26) | −0.12 | 0.263 | .61 | |
| Satisfaction | 6.69 (1.70) | 6.36 (1.90) | 6.53 (1.80) | 0.18 | 0.634 | .43 | |
| Number of exercises | 4.41 (3.22) | 4.36 (3.08) | 4.39 (3.13) | 0.02 | 0.005 | .95 | |
| Number of words | 188.10 (112.90) | 164.89 (101.87) | 176.96 (107.66) | 0.22 | 0.869 | .35 | |
| Time | 26.95 (13.57) | 29.06 (11.65) | 27.96 (12.64) | −0.17 | 0.516 | .48 | |
aPII: Personal Involvement Inventory.
bIMI-E: Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, subscale Enjoyment.
cPPL-FSQ: Flow State Questionnaire of the Positive Psychology Lab.
dSUS: System Usability Scale.