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B. fragilis protects from MTX-induced inflammatory responses. (a-d) Effects of B. fragilis and MTX on the expression of cytokines (a) IFN-γ, (b) IL-1β, (c) TNF-α, and (d) IL-6 in Caco2 cells and IEC6 cells. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 versus the MTX group.
