Table 3.

Data extracted from 30 articles detailing interventions targeted at adaptation process

Study	Study design	Aim/objective	Sample size (n)	Population	Intervention	Intervention duration	Results summary
Aimola et al. (2014)	RCT	Evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of an unsupervised reading and exploration computer training for hemianopia.	n = 52 Intervention 28 Control 24	Mixed Ischemic stroke n = 39 Hemorrhage n = 6 TBI n = 6 Tumor n = 1 At least 3 months poststroke	Compensatory: computer‐based reading and visual exploration training v sham exploration task	Experimental group: 14 blocks per day Control group: 10 blocks per day One hour sessions for up to 10 weeks	Home based compensatory training for hemianopia can result in objective benefits in searching and reading as well as quality of life.
Bergsma et al. (2011)	Cohort study	To investigate Visual Restorative Function Training (vRFT)‐induced changes in oculaomotor behavior using a driving stimulator	n = 12 Hemianopia 6 Controls 6	Stroke	Compensatory: change in oculomotor behavior	65 hr training	vRFT with mandatory eye fixation can result in increased eye movement behavior the defect.
Bolognini et al. (2005)	Cohort study	To verify whether a systematic audio–visual stimulation might induce a long lasting amelioration of visual field disorders	n = 8	Chronic visual field loss—cause not stated	Compensatory: audio–visual stimulation of visual field	4 hr daily Duration of nearly 2 weeks	Patients showed improvement of visual detection and visual oculomotor exploration following training.
Bowers et al. (2014)	Double masked randomized crossover trial	Evaluate efficacy of real relative to sham peripheral prism glasses	n = 61	Stroke At least 3 months poststroke	Substitutive: 57 ∆ prism placed above and below visual axis v sham 5 ∆ prism.	Each set of prisms worn for 4 weeks. Measured at 6 months.	Real peripheral prism glasses were more helpful for obstacle avoidance when walking than sham glasses, with no difference between horizontal and oblique designs.
de Haan et al. (2015)	RCT	To examine the effects of a compensatory scanning training program using horizontal scanning on mobility‐related activities and participation in daily life	n = 54 Results in analysisn = 49	Mixed Ischemic stroke n = 36 Hemorrhage n = 5 TBI n = 3 Trauma n = 1 AVM 1 Combined 3	Compensatory: InSight‐Hemianopia Compensatory scanning training	15× sessions of 60–90 min each Total 18.5 hr face to face training over 10 weeks.	Horizontal scanning training improved mobility related activities.
Gall and Sabel (2012)	Prospective noncontrolled trial	Examine whether increased visual functioning after VRT coincides with improved reading abilities	n = 11	Mixed Infarct n = 7 AVM n = 1 Haemorrhage n = 1 SAH n = 1 Encephalitis n = 1	Restitutive: VRT	30 min 2× daily 6 days a week Duration 6 months	VRT improved visual fields in parafoveal areas, which are most relevant for reading.
Giorgi et al. (2009)	Cohort study	Evaluate peli prisms as a low vision optical device for hemianopia (extended wearing trial)	n = 23	Mixed Stroke n = 16 Surgery n = 4 TBI n = 2 Congenital n = 1	Subsitutive: 40∆ prism placed above and below the visual axis	Peli prisms worn for 6 weeks, 3 months and long‐term (duration not specified).	Peripheral prism glasses showed reported benefits to 2/3 of patients in the study.
Hayes et al. (2012)	Case series	Evaluate functional changes following NVT program for poststroke heminaopia	n = 13	Stroke Between 2 weeks and 6 months poststroke	Compensatory: NVT	One hour per session, 3× per week for 7 weeks	NVT intervention resulted in functional improvements in mobility post rehabilitation.
Hazelton et al. (2015)	Feasibility study	To explore the use of four different home‐based scanning training interventions for visual field loss	n = 12	Stroke At least 6 months poststroke	Compensatory: scanning training (paper‐based Rainbow readers, computer software VISIOcoach, web‐based Happy Neuron and specialized equipment NVT)	Four scanning interventions delivered in randomized order for around 2 weeks.	Home based scanning training is feasible. Key factors in maximising use include levels of cognitive impairment and participant perceptions.
Jacquin‐Courtois et al. (2013)	Prospective observational study	Test the effect and specificity of a compensatory eye movement training therapy	n = 7	Mixed Stroke n = 5 Tumor n = 2 Chronic field loss	Compensatory: Visual search	1× 30 min session	Results show that rapid, compensatory changes can occur in patients with visual field defects.
Jobke et al. (2009) Article taken from cochrane review Pollock et al. (2012)	Randomized, double blinded, crossover study	To compare extrastriate vs conventional VRT in patients with visual field loss	n = 21	Mixed Stroke/ ischemia n = 10, Cranio‐cerebral injury n = 3, Surgery n = 3, tumor n = 1, meningitis n = 1	Restitutive: Extrastriate VRT vs Conventional VRT	Extrastriate 30mins daily for 90 days. Then crossover of conventional VRT for 90 days	Detection performance increased twice as much after extrastriate VRT (4.2%) than after standard VRT (2.4%). NEI‐VFQ did not show any significant changes.
Kasten et al. (1998) Article taken from cochrane review Pollock et al. (2012)	RCT, double blinded	To assess the effect of computer‐based training to treat partial blindness	n = 19	Mixed Stroke n = 10 Trauma n = 4 Other n = 5	Restitutive: VRT	1 hr per day, 6 days per week for 6 months Total = 150 hr	In postchiasma patients, VRT led to a significant improvement (29.4%) over baseline in the ability to detect visual stimuli.
Keller and Lefin‐Rank (2010)	RCT	To compare two approaches of blind field exploration in those with recent onset hemianopia and to analyze possible changes in eye movement patterns after training	n = 20	Mixed Stroke n = 18 Trauma n = 1 Tumor n = 1	Compensatory: audio–visual stimulation training v visual stimulation training	Both groups received 20 therapy sessions, each session lasting 30mins. Over 3 weeks	Multimodel audiovisual exploration training appears to be more effective than exploration training alone.
Kerkhoff et al. (1992)	Prospective observational study	To determine whether reading speeds and accuracy can be improved with reading training in hemianopic alexia	n = 56	Mixed Stroke n = 46 Trauma n = 8 Tumor n = 1 Hypoxia n = 1	Compensatory: reading moving text	15–40‐min treatment sessions	The new training procedure can lead to a significant and stable improvement of reading in patients with hemianopic alexia.
Kerkhoff et al. (1994)	Cohort study	To evaluate the efficacy of a systematic training of saccadic eye movements in hemianopic patients	n = 22	Stroke	Compensatory: saccadic eye movement training	30 min daily sessions 5 days per week. 25–27 total treatment sessions	Training of compensatory eye movements strategies restores oculomotor functions and improves visual performances.
Lane et al. (2010)	Nonrandomized controlled trial	Explore the efficacy of a visual exploration training	n = 42	Mixed Ischemic n = 28 Hemorrhage n = 10 TBI n = 4	Compensatory: Visual exploration training and visual attention training	Exploration training = 40 min sessions over 2–9 weeks Attention training = 30‐min sessions over 2–7 weeks	Both the exploration training and the attention training led to significant improvements in most of the visual tasks.
Lévy‐Bencheton et al. (2016)	Cohort study	To evaluate and compare the effect of an original hemianopia rehab method based on a single 15 min voluntary antisaccades task	n = 14	Stroke At least 6 months poststroke	Compensatory: adaptation of anti‐saccades	3 training sessions, separated by 4–5 weeks Each session 15–20 min	Anti saccade training resulted in significant functional improvements in the patient group.
Mannan et al. (2010)	Prospective observational study	To characterize changes in eye movements resulting from training	n = 29	Mixed Infarct n = 22, hemorrhage n = 6, surgery n = 1, tumor n = 2 At least 3 months poststroke	Compensatory: Visual search training	20 × 40 min sessions for 1 month	Results suggest that visual training facilitates the development of specific compensatory eye movement strategies.
Marshall et al. (2010)	Longitudinal cohort	To determine whether visual field expansion occurs with VRT	n = 7	Stroke	Restitutive: VRT	20–30 min 2× daily, 6 days a week For 3 months	There was an average improvement in stimulus detection rate by 12.5%.
Mazer et al. (2003)	RCT	To compare driving performance after useful field of view retraining (UFOV) compared to traditional visuoperceptual retraining	n = 84	Stroke	Compensatory UFOV v commercially available computer‐based visuoperceptual retraining (control)	Both groups received 20 sessions (each session30–60 min long) 2–4 sessions per week	Rehabilitation targeting visual attention skill was not significantly more beneficial than traditional percpetual training for on road driving evaluation.
Nelles et al. (2001)	Prospective observational study	Investigate whether training eye movements would induce change in the neural activity of cortical visual areas	n = 45 Hemianopia 21 Controls 24	Stroke Infarct n = 16 Hemorrhage n = 5	Compensatory: Eyes fixating v exploratory eye movements	30 min per session, 2× daily For 4 weeks	Training improved detection of and reaction to visual stimuli without restitution of the visual field defect.
Nelles et al. (2010)	Prospective observational study	Using fMRI to study the training effects of eye movement training on cortical representation of visual hemifields	n = 8	Ischemic stroke	Compensatory: Eye movement training	30 min session 1× daily for 4 weeks	Eye movement training induced altered brain activation in the unaffected extrastriate cortex.
Ong et al. (2012)	Longitudinal cohort study	To determine whether Eye‐search web‐based hemifield search training improves patients’ search time and “real world” outcomes.	n = 33	Stroke Infarct n = 14 Hemorrhage n = 3, AVM n = 1 unknown n = 15	Compensatory: OKN therapy	20 min of therapy per day suggested. Patients prompted to test reading speed after 5 hr of therapy	Read‐Right therapy produced significant improvements in text reading speeds at all time points with a clear dose effect: 10% at 5 h, 20%at 10 h, 39%at 15 h and 46%at 20 h.
Ong et al. (2015)	Prospective observational study	Evaluate efficiency of eye movements following visual search training	n = 78	Mixed Stroke n = 60 Tumor n = 6 TBI n = 2 Other n = 10	Compensatory: Scanning exercises	11 days of therapy (length of each session not specified)	After therapy, search times into the impaired field improved by an average of 24%.
Pambakian et al. (2004)	Prospective observational study	Examine whether directing attention to ARV using a visuospatial cue also increases long‐term neural plasticity	n = 31 29 completed	Mixed Infarct n = 22 Hemorrhage n = 6 Surgery n = 1 Tumor n = 2 At least 3 months poststroke.	Compensatory: Visual search training	20× 40 min sessions Sessions in 1 month	Patients can improve visual search with practice.
Passamonti et al. (2009)	Prospective observational study	To study the effects of multisensory training on occulomotor scanning behavior	n = 24 Field loss 12 Controls 12	Stroke Chronic visual field defects	Compensatory: audio–visual stimulation of blind hemifield.	4 hr daily over a period of 2 weeks	Patients reported improvement in ocular exploration after audio‐visual training, leading to a reduction in total exploration time.
Plow et al. (2010) Article taken from cochrane review Pollock et al. (2012)	RCT	To test the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation to enhance VRT	n = 8	Stroke	Restitutive: VRT with active tDCS vs VRT with sham tDCS	VRT = 30 min 2× daily for 3 months Active tDCS = 2 mA/min along with VRT sham tDCS = 30 s ramped down to 0 then turned off, along with VRT	Results of preliminary case comparisons suggest that occipital cortical tDCS may enhance recovery of visual function associated with concurrent VRT through visual cortical reorganization.
Plow et al. (2012)	Double blinded RCT (pilot)	To investigate whether training eye movements induces change in the neural activity of cortical visual areas.	n = 12 (8 in final analysis)	Mixed Stroke n = 1 Surgical trauma n = 2 At least 3 months poststroke	Restitutive: VRT compared with active tDCS Control group received sham tDCS	30 min of training, 3× a week For 3 months	In 8 patients tested, the VRT and tDCS group demonstrated significantly greater expansion in visual field and improvement on ADL's.
Poggel et al. (2004) Article taken from cochrane review Pollock et al. (2012)	RCT	To determine whether attentional cueing improves VRT	n = 20	Mixed	Restitutive: VRT with attentional cueing vs VRT with no attentional cueing	30–35 min 2× daily, for 56 sessions For approx. 1 month	In the area of the cue, restoration of vision was significantly greater than during VRT without cueing.
Pollock et al. (2012) (Pollock et al., 2011)	Cochrane systematic review	To determine the effects of interventions for visual field defects after stroke	n = 344 13 studies	Mixed Stroke n = 285	Various Resistutive n = 5 Compensatory n = 5Substitutive n = 3	Various	There is limited evidence to support the use of scanning training. There is insufficient evidence for the benefit of VRT or prisms.
Rossi et al. (1990) Article taken from cochrane review Pollock et al. (2012)	RCT	To determine whether fresnel prisms improve visual perception	n = 30	Stroke	Substitutive: 15∆ hemi‐circular fresnel prisms applied to glasses along with standard rehabilitation	Worn all day for 4 weeks	After four weeks the prism treated group performed significantly better than the control group.
Roth et al. (2009) Article taken from cochrane review Pollock et al. (2012)	RCT	To compare explorative saccade and flicker training	n = 30	Mixed Stroke/Hemorrhage n = 26 Other n = 4	Compensatory: exploratory eye scanning training Restitutive: flicker‐stimulation training	Both groups = 30 min 2× daily, 5 days a week for 6 weeks	Explorative saccadic training selectively improves saccadic behaviou, natural search and scene exploration on the blind side.
Rowe, Conroy, et al. (2016)	Prospective three‐arm RCT	To compare prism therapy and visual search training for hemianopia to standard care (information only)	n = 87	Stroke Stable hemianopia	Compensatory: visual search training and advice Substitutive: prism therapy	Visual search: 30 min daily for minimum of 6 weeks Fresnel prisms: minimum 2 hr daily for a minimum of 6 weeks	Visual search training had significant improvement in vision‐related quality of life. Prism therapy produced adverse events in 69%.
Schmielau and Wong (2007)	Cohort study	To evaluate whether restoration of visual field in patients with hemianopia is possible using the Lubeck Reaction Perimeter (LRP)	n = 20	Mixed Infarction n = 11 Hemorrhage n = 7 Trauma n = 2	Restitutive: VRT using the LRP	45 min of training, 2× a week Average length of training 8.2 months	17 out of 20 patients showed a stable and significant increase in visual field size.
Schuett et al. (2012)	Randomized crossover design	To determine whether training‐related improvements in reading and visual exploration with compensatory therapies are task specific	n = 36	Mixed Stroke n = 34 Tumor n = 2	Compensatory: software‐based reading and visual exploration training	Group A: visual exploration training then reading training Group B: converse Both groups 45‐min sessions in 10 units (30 trials each)	Findings demonstrate tha the training related improvements in reading and visual exploration are highly specific and task dependent, and there was no effect of training sequence.
Spitzyna et al. (2007) Article taken from cochrane review Pollock et al. (2012)	RCT	To determine whether optokinetic therapy improves test reading for hemianopic dyslexia	n = 22	Mixed	Compensatory: optokinetic nystagmus inducing reading therapy	4 weeks of training (minimum of 400 min of rehabilitation) 20× 20 min sessions	OKN inducing therapy preferentially affects reading saccades in the direction of the induced (involuntary) saccadic component.
Szlyk et al. (2005) Article taken from cochrane review Pollock et al. (2012)	Randomized crossover design	To assess the use of prisms for navigation and driving for patients with hemanopia	n = 10	Mixed population Injury involving occipital lobe only	Sustitutive: Gottlieb visual field awareness system 18.5 dioptre lens vs 20 dioptre fresnel prisms	Training of 4× 2–3 hr indoor sessions with LVA specialist and 8× 2 hr outdoor sessions behind the wheel Prisms worn for 3 months	Patients with hemianopia showed improvements in visual functioning using prism lenses, although these improvements were smaller than those found in previous studies.
Taylor et al. (2011)	Quasi‐experimental feasibility study	To evaluate a systematic treatment program that targeted aspects of visual functioning affected by visual field deficits following stroke	n = 15	Stroke	Compensatory: Experimental Group—scanning therapy	Experimental group: 30 min sessions 2× weekly. For 4 weeks Conventional treatment group: usual OT therapy (various durations)	Introduction of the systematic treatment programme resulted in a significant change in scores of the Nottingham Adjustment scale.
Weinberg et al. (1977) Article taken from cochrane review Pollock et al. (2012)	RCT	To test the effect of visual scanning training on reading‐related tasks	n = 57	Stroke	Compensatory: visual scanning training	1 hr a day for 4 weeks Total: 20 hr of training	The training group showed superior results to the control group.

Articles taken from Cochrane review (n = 9) included for information only and are not included in this adaptation review.