Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the controls and GDM subjects in index pregnancy and at the follow-up study stratified according to the offspring’s birth weight
| Offspring’s birth weight | AGA (10-90th percentile) | LGA (>90th percentile) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD or % | Mean ± SD or % | |||
| No GDM | GDM | No GDM | GDM | |
| (Controls) | (Group 1) | (Group 2) | (Group 3) | |
| Number of subjects | 286 | 376 | 48 | 68 |
| At the index pregnancy | ||||
| Age (yrs) | 29.5 ± 5.4 | 31.8 ± 6.0** | 30.6 ± 5.0 | 32.6 ± 6.3** |
| Primiparity (%) | 53.0 | 35.0** | 34.1* | 22.2** |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8 ± 3.8 | 26.4 ± 5.0** | 25.7 ± 3.5* | 26.7 ± 4.1** |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 69.4 | 81.4** | 75.0 | 80.9 |
| Prior child’s birth weight > 4000 g (%) | 25.4 | 25.6 | 43.8* | 60.4** |
| Prior spontaneous abortion (%) | 16.8 | 19.9 | 18.8 | 35.3* |
| Prior cesarean section (%) | 5.9 | 9.6 | 16.7 | 7.4 |
| Gestational age (d) | 280 ± 11 | 279 ± 9 | 279 ± 11 | 278 ± 8 |
| Pre-eclampsia (%) | 1.4 | 5.3* | 2.1 | 5.9* |
| Birth weight (g) | 3595 ± 385 | 3596 ± 406 | 4365 ± 424** | 4421 ± 370** |
| Placental-fetal mass ratio (%) | 17.1 ± 3.0 | 17.5 ± 3.0 | 20.6 ± 15.8** | 17.9 ± 2.5* |
| Low Apgar score 1 min < 7 (%) | 1.7 | 5.9* | 6.3 | 4.4 |
| At the follow-up study | ||||
| Follow-up time (yrs) | 8.5 ± 5.5 | 5.3 ± 4.3** | 7.4 ± 5.4 | 6.2 ± 4.9* |
| Age at follow-up (yrs) | 38.4 ± 6.4 | 37.4 ± 7.2 | 38.3 ± 5.8 | 39.1 ± 7.5 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 4.9 | 28.3 ± 5.7** | 27.9 ± 4.8* | 29.2 ± 4.9** |
| Weight gain during the follow-up time (kg) | 5.7 ± 7.6 | 3.6 ± 7.9 | 4.3 ± 7.6 | 5.6 ± 9.3 |
GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, BMI body mass index, AGA appropriate for gestational age, LGA large for gestational age
All groups compared to controls separately
*p < 0.05
**p < .0001