Table 2.
Sociodemographic and etiological distribution of prescribed antimicrobials in the hospital for under-five diarrheal children in rural Mirzapur (antimicrobial not dependent on the detection of pathogens)
| Variable | Prescribed antimicrobial in the hospital; N = 2,993/3,570 (84%) | Not prescribed antimicrobial in the hospital; N = 577/3,570 (16%) | OR (95% CI); P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0–24 months | 2,443 (82) | 504 (87) | 0.64 (0.49, 0.84); < 0.001 |
| Male gender | 1,832 (61) | 348 (60) | 1.04 (0.86, 1.25); 0.720 |
| Disease severity | |||
| Moderate-to-severe disease | 1,709 (77) | 523 (23) | 0.14 (0.10, 0.19); < 0.001 |
| Mild disease | 1,284 (96) | 54 (4) | |
| Illiteracy of mother | 517 (17) | 85 (15) | 1.21 (0.94, 1.56); 0.152 |
| Monthly income > 128 US$ | 1,745 (58) | 314 (54) | 1.17 (0.98, 1.41); 0.092 |
| Use of antimicrobials before hospital presentation | 1,220 (41) | 175 (30) | 1.58 (1.30, 1.92); < 0.001 |
| Duration of diarrhea (> 3 days) | 831 (28) | 98 (17) | 1.88 (1.48, 2.38); < 0.001 |
| Frequency of stool > 10 times/24 hours | 1,165 (39) | 167 (29) | 1.56 (1.28, 1.91); < 0.001 |
| Vomiting | 1,561 (52) | 330 (57) | 0.82 (0.68, 0.98); 0.030 |
| Cough | 1,287 (43) | 243 (42) | 1.04 (0.86, 1.25); 0.728 |
| Fever (≥ 37.8°C) | 1,474 (49) | 208 (36) | 1.72 (1.43, 2.08); < 0.001 |
| Abdominal pain | 2,115 (71) | 304 (53) | 2.16 (1.80, 2.60); < 0.001 |
| Blood in stool | 1,041 (35) | 30 (5) | 9.72 (6.59, 14.42); < 0.001 |
| Rectal straining | 1,471 (49) | 172 (30) | 2.28 (1.87, 2.77); < 0.001 |
| Convulsion | 50 (2) | 6 (1) | 1.62 (0.66, 4.21); 0.351 |
| Dehydration status (mild) | 2,713 (91) | 563 (98) | 0.24 (0.13, 0.42); < 0.001 |
| Rotavirus | 937 (31) | 209 (36) | 0.80 (0.66, 0.97); 0.023 |
| Shigella | 439 (15) | 33 (6) | 2.80 (1.91, 4.11); < 0.001 |
| Vibrio cholerae | 56 (2) | 7 (1) | 1.53 (0.67, 3.69); 0.374 |
| ETEC | 99 (3) | 33 (6) | 0.56 (0.36, 0.85); 0.006 |
CI = confidence interval; ETEC = enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; OR = odds ratio.