. 2017 Nov 7;13(3):861–878. doi: 10.1007/s11625-017-0502-9

Table 1.

Policies affecting resource efficiency in different life cycle stages of a product, at EU-28 level

Life cycle stage	Production	Use/consumption	Waste management
Mandatory	(Batteries and waste batteries Directive 2013/56/EU) (WEEE Directive 2012/19/EU) (RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU) Ecodesign Directive 2009/125/EC^a Packaging and waste packaging Directive 94/62/EC (Standardisation Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012) (Marketing of construction products Regulation (EU) No 305/2011) (REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006^a)	(Labelling of energy-related products Directive 2010/30/EU) Ecodesign Directive 2009/125/EC^a (Sale of consumer goods and associated guarantees Directive 1999/44/EC)	Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC Batteries and waste batteries Directive 2013/56/EU Plastic bags Directive (EU) 2015/720 WEEE Directive 2012/19/EU RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU Waste from extractive industries Directive 2006/21/EC ELV Directive 2000/53/EC Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC Packaging and waste packaging Directive 94/62/EC Shipments of waste Regulation (EU) No 660/2014 (REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006^a)
Voluntary	(Public procurement Directive 2014/24/EU) (Ecolabel Regulation (EC) No 66/2010)	(Public procurement Directive 2014/24/EU) (Ecolabel Regulation (EC) No 66/2010)

Policies in parenthesis have only partial or indirect effect on CE

^aThe ecodesign directive and REACH regulation serve as a policy framework out of which specific implementing measures are formulated and applied by case (product group or chemical compound respectively). To date, the application of ecodesign focused primarily on energy efficiency measures and material resource efficiency appears very limited (for an overview of ecodesign processes in relation to material resource efficiency see Bundgaard et al. 2017)