Table 2.

New policy approaches in EU Member States promoting the Circular Economy

Member State	Policy measure	Application
France	Act on consumption and preventing planned product obsolescence The Act (Law no. 2014-344) addresses product durability and aims at preventing planned obsolescence. The law includes articles related to the lifespan of consumer goods, including the introduction of extended product guarantee from 6 months to 2 years; and the obligation of retailers to inform customers about the time horizon that spare parts will remain available for a product in question (EEA 2016b)	Mandatory National
Spain	Reuse targets for Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) In its new Waste Management Plan 2016-22, Spain sets a target of 50% municipal waste to be prepared for reuse or recycled, followed by a specific target of 2% for preparation for reuse in certain waste streams including textiles, WEEE, furniture and ‘other suitable waste streams’ (Ruiz Saiz-Aja 2016)	Mandatory National
Sweden	Value Added Tax (VAT) reduction in repair services The Swedish government suggested a VAT reduction in repair services for a selected group of products (bicycles and shoes). In addition, the government proposed a tax deduction for repair services performed in relation to home renovations (IVA 2016)	Mandatory National
Sweden	Public procurement of refurbished ICT equipment by Swedish municipalities Two Swedish municipalities (Gällivare and Laholm) apply specific criteria in public procurement, tendering the provision of refurbished ICT equipment for use in municipal services (Avfall Sverige 2015)	Voluntary Local