Table 2.

Exercise performance measures

Variable	Unadjusted Mean ± SD			Adjusted* LSMean ± SE
	HFpEF	HC	p-Value	HFpEF	HC	p-Value
Peak VO2
ml/min	1509 ± 313	1852 ± 608	<0.001	1464 ± 35	1927 ± 48	<0.001
ml/kg/min	14.5 ± 2.6	25.0 ± 7.0	<0.001	15.7 ± 0.4	23.0 ± 0.6	<0.001
ml/kg lean/min†	27.7 ± 5.2	37.4 ± 7.6	<0.001	28.3 ± 0.7	36.6 ± 0.9	<0.001
ml/kg leg lean/min†	87.4 ± 17.9	117.8 ± 24.1	<0.001	90.9 ± 2.3	112.3 ± 3.0	<0.001
Peak carbon dioxide production (ml/min)	1701 ± 403	2123 ± 712	<0.001	1650 ± 43	2207 ± 60	<0.001
Peak respiratory exchange ratio	1.12 ± 0.08	1.15 ± 0.09	0.073	1.12 ± 0.01	1.15 ± 0.01	0.18
Ventilatory anaerobic threshold (ml/min)	1014 ± 244	1115 ± 373	0.063	956 ± 25	1210 ± 35	<0.001
Ventilation/carbon dioxide slope	29.45 ± 3.99	28.56 ± 3.57	0.16	30.11 ± 0.41	27.46 ± 0.57	0.001
Peak heart rate (beats/min)	139 ± 18	153 ± 13	<0.001	139 ± 2	153 ± 3	<0.001
Peak systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	177 ± 18	179 ± 18	0.39	176 ± 2	182 ± 3	0.13
Peak diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	78 ± 9	76 ± 8	0.13	77 ± 1	78 ± 1	0.62
6-minute walk distance (m)	412 ± 73	563 ± 70	<0.001	427 ± 7	538 ± 10	<0.001
SPPB total score	10.0 ± 1.7	11.3 ± 0.8	<0.001	10.3 ± 0.2	10.9 ± 0.2	0.044
SPPB Balance score	3.8 ± 0.6	4.0 ± 0.2	0.010	3.8 ± 0.1	4.0 ± 0.1	0.15
SPPB Gait speed score	3.8 ± 0.5	4.0 ± 0.0	<0.001	3.8 ± 0.0	3.9 ± 0.1	0.30
SPPB Chair rise score	2.5 ± 1.2	3.3 ± 0.7	<0.001	2.6 ± 0.1	3.0 ± 0.2	0.12
Leg press power (W)	112 ± 53	163 ± 67	<0.001	117 ± 5	152 ± 9	0.004
Leg muscle quality (W/cm2)‡	0.91 ± 0.33	1.45 ± 0.52	<0.001	0.97 ± 0.05	1.28 ± 0.08	0.004

Raw data are presented as mean ± SD;

^*Adjusted for age, race, gender, and body surface area and presented as least square means ± standard error;

^†kg of lean body mass and kg of leg lean mass were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry;

^‡Leg muscle quality is leg power divided by thigh muscle area. SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery.