Table 1.
Simple differences at baseline between HIV-positive children and non-HIV-positive children on demographic and socio-economic variables and cognitive and psychosocial outcomes. Data are M (SD) or N (%). Difference statistics are t (p) for continuous variables or χ2 (p) for proportions.
| Total | HIV-positive children | Non-HIV-positive children | Difference statistic (p-value) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=989 | N=135 | N=854 | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Child gendera | 503 (51.4%) | 69 (51.1%) | 434 (51.4%) | 0.004 (.95) |
| Child age | 8.91 (2.84) | 9.08 (2.58) | 8.88 (2.88) | 0.84 (.40) |
| Carer gendera | 939 (94.9%) | 121 (89.6%) | 818 (95.8%) | 9.20 (.002) |
| Carer age | 43.69 (14.94) | 43.93 (14.94) | 43.66 (14.94) | 0.20 (.85) |
| Carer HIV positive | 189 (19.3%) | 59 (43.7%) | 130 (15.4%) | 59.84 (<.001) |
| Country | ||||
| South Africa | 834 (84.3%) | 95 (70.4%) | 739 (86.5%) | 23.04 (<.001) |
| Malawi | 155 (15.7%) | 40 (29.6%) | 115 (13.5%) | |
| Parent died | ||||
| Mother | 150 (17.8%) | 29 (22.8%) | 121 (16.9%) | 8.99 (.061) |
| Father | 154 (18.2%) | 17 (13.4%) | 137 (19.1%) | |
| Both | 149 (17.6%) | 30 (23.6%) | 119 (16.6%) | |
| None | 15 (1.8%) | 48 (37.8%) | 329 (45.8%) | |
| Don’t know | 15 (1.8%) | 3 (2.4%) | 12 (1.7%) | |
| Recent bereavement | 44 (32.6%) | 239 (28.0%) | 1.21 (.27) | |
| HIV in household | 332 (33.6%) | 110 (81.5%) | 222 (26.0%) | 160.94 (<.001) |
| Family sickness | 217 (21.9%) | 40 (29.6%) | 177 (20.7%) | 5.40 (.020) |
| Socio-economic variables | ||||
| Informal housing | 152 (15.5%) | 19 (14.1%) | 133 (15.8%) | 0.25 (.62) |
| Household employment | 526 (53.7%) | 69 (51.1%) | 457 (54.1%) | 0.43 (.51) |
| Number of people in household | 6.42 (2.90) | 6.18 (2.51) | 6.46 (2.96) | 1.00 (.32) |
| Food insecurity | 266 (26.9%) | 51 (37.8%) | 215 (25.2%) | 9.42 (.002) |
| Went to bed hungry last night | 127 (13.0%) | 18 (13.3%) | 109 (12.9%) | 0.018 (.89) |
| Any domestic violence | 462 (47.5%) | 63 (46.7%) | 399 (47.7%) | 0.047 (.83) |
| Any community violence | 413 (42.5%) | 57 (42.2%) | 356 (42.5%) | 0.005 (.95) |
| Any harsh physical discipline | 473 (47.8%) | 63 (46.7%) | 410 (48.0%) | 0.084 (.77) |
| Any harsh psychological discipline | 449 (45.4%) | 60 (44.4%) | 389 (45.6%) | 0.058 (.81) |
| Care for younger kids | 382 (45.2%) | 46 (36.2%) | 336 (46.8%) | 4.87 (.027) |
| Care for sick people | 343 (40.6%) | 52 (40.9%) | 291 (40.5%) | 0.008 (.93) |
| Enrolled in school | 952 (96.3%) | 130 (96.3%) | 822 (96.3%) | 0.001 (.98) |
| Developmental outcomes | ||||
| Developmental disability | 451 (45.6%) | 95 (70.4%) | 356 (41.7%) | 38.67 (<.001) |
| Stunting | 303 (31.7%) | 76 (58.8%) | 227 (27.4%) | 49.94 (<.001) |
| Wasting | 30 (3.1%) | 2 (1.5%) | 28 (3.4%) | 1.31 (.25) |
| Underweight | 45 (8.8%) | 14 (18.7%) | 31 (7.1%) | 10.75 (.001) |
| Physical functioning | 96.50 (10.41) | 93.37 (13.37) | 97.00 (9.78) | 3.03 (.003) |
| Emotional functioning | 89.29 (13.83) | 87.69 (14.00) | 89.55 (13.80) | 1.46 (.15) |
| Social functioning | 89.55 (15.44) | 89.57 (15.99) | 89.55 (15.37) | 0.013 (.99) |
| Educational functioning | 85.14 (22.19) | 79.29 (25.23) | 86.06 (21.55) | 2.90 (.004) |
| Quality of life | 90.96 (9.80) | 88.37 (10.84) | 91.37 (9.57) | 3.03 (.003) |
| Child depression score | 1.08 (1.65) | 0.99 (1.68) | 1.10 (1.65) | 0.67 (.50) |
| Suicidal ideation | 20 (2.0%) | 3 (2.2%) | 71 (2.0%) | 0.028 (.87) |
| Child self-esteem score | 20.99 (2.87) | 20.86 (3.39) | 21.02 (2.77) | 0.50 (.62) |
| Child trauma score | 3.58 (3.23) | 3.63 (3.02) | 3.57 (3.26) | 0.19 (.85) |
| Digit span | 8.77 (3.96) | 7.19 (3.87) | 9.03 (3.92) | 4.90 (<.001) |
| Draw-a-person score | 86.09 (18.56) | 79.18 (21.39) | 87.08 (17.91) | 3.66 (<.001) |
a
Number of females.