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. 2018 Aug 10;8:11951. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30356-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The protective efficacy of rNDV expressing codon optimized S protein of IBV and neutralizing antibody response against high dose of IBV challenge in immunized SPF chickens at 4-week-old age. (A) Respiratory clinical signs of IBV following challenge with virulent IBV strain Mass-41. Three weeks after immunization, chickens were challenged with 10^4.7 EID₅₀ of a virulent IBV strain Mass-41. The severity scores of IBV clinical signs, described in the legend of Fig. 1, were recorded twice a day for each chicken for 8 days after challenge. The severity score represents as average score of clinical signs measured for each chicken over the 8 days. (C) Relative viral load determined by RT-qPCR in tracheal swab samples at day 4 following virulent IBV challenge. The relative viral load expressed as mean reciprocal ± SEM log 10. (D) Each tracheal fluid was tested for IBV specific lesions on chicken embryo by inoculation (0.1 ml) of one 10-day-old embryonated SPF chicken egg. (D) Neutralizing antibody response against IBV. Antibodies induced against IBV were assessed using virus neutralization assay. Serum titers are expressed as reciprocals Log 2 dilution.